<p>The El Maipes necropolis  is an ancient burial site near Agaete on the Spanish island of Grand Canary, province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands of the west coast of Africa.</p><br>
<p>Second-largest necropolis of the Canaries after that of Arteara, the site is listed Spanish Heritage as a Property of cultural interest in the category "archaeological zone". Its particular geology, and subsequently its vegetation are also of notable interest.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>The little town of Agaete is on the north-west coast of Grand Canary island, at the end of the GC-2 road that links Agaete to Las Palmas, the archipelago’s co-capital 32 km to the east of Agaete. The Maipes necropolis is found in the south-east of Agaete, 200 ft west of the football ground.</p><br>
<p>It is about 10 mns&#39; walk away from the centre of Agaete. If driving, follow the signs to El Valle and the archaeological park.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The name Maipés comes from the word malpais or mal pais, which means "bad land". This is due to the flow of volcanic lava that covered the bottom of the Maipés ravine about 3,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Maipes necropolis is one of the most spectacular burial sites on the island. It covers more than one square km with around 600 or 700 small tumuli, dating from the 8th to 10th centuries. Some of the tumuli are more than 1,300 years old, which gives them the same range of age as those in the Arteara necropolis.</p><br>
<p>The tumuli sit on volcanic ground, more precisely on an old lava flow</p><br>
<p>The eruption brought forth a 11 km-wide After the Spanish conquest of the islands, some of that lava was covered with soil to allow for some farming.</p><br>
<p>The tumuli are also built of volcanic rocks. Most of them are built on elliptic or round plans with a truncated cone outline. Some of them reach 8 m diameter and 3 m in height. Inside each tumulus is a pit with its sides marked by stone slabs, in which the deceased bodies were placed. Some coffins have also been found inside some tumuli.</p><br>
<p>The size and building refinement vary noticeably among the tumuli, indicating the social ranks of their occupiers. The particularity of some of these small tumuli are the stones that crown them, which are of different colours and texture than the surrounding volcanic material. The most common ones are a simple ring of volcanic stones, the more sophisticated ones are topped with turret-type stonework and were probably used to bury nobility.</p><br>
<p>Most of the tumuli are occupied by a single individual; some shelter two individuals. Some children have also been buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Part of the cemetery space has been surrounded with a dry-stone wall. Some tumuli were built beyond that wall; 8 corpses were found there. Historians think that these people were either Canarians deemed unworthy of burial in the proper ground, or foreigners having landed on the island before the Spanish conquest.</p><br>
<p>The site bears traces of one of the rare tsunami to be documented in the Canaries. It was created by a volcanic emission in the municipality of Güímar in Tenerife. These traces consist of white stains of marine deposits left behind by the tsunami waves beating on the steep sides of the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation issues</h2><br>
<p>On July 5, 1973 the necropolis was declared Historic Heritage in the category "Artistic-Historic" (official declaration in B.O.E. N° 181, July 30, 1973). In 1992, following a modification of the law on Spanish Historic Heritage properties on June 25, 1985, the site became a Property of cultural interest in the category "archaeological zone" under the code RI-55-0000082. As such it is part of the Network of archaeological parks of Grand Canary.</p><br>
<p>Some restoration works started in 2008, including discovery paths with information panels, installations allowing for wheelchair access to part of the site and an information centre (Centro de Interpretación). The refurbished site was opened on April 16, 2013. It is now opened all year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Other archaeological parks in Grand Canary</h2><br>
<p>The Network of Archaeological parks of Grand Canary open to the public also includes the Four Doors cave site in Telde, the caves of Valeron (cenobio de Valeron) in Santa Maria de Guia, the Arteara necropolis in Fataga, the Cats&#39; ravine (cañada de los Gatos) on Mogán beach near Puerto de Mogan, (roque Bentayga) in Tejeda, and the Painted cave (cueva Pintada) museum and archaeological park in Galdar.</p><br>
<h2>Similar structures</h2><br>
<p>the Arteara necropolis near Fataga village in the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana</p><br>
<p>the Maspalomas necropolis in Las Naves de Lomo Gordo, municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana; discovered in 1988</p><br>
<p>The Cilley Covered Bridge is a historic 19th-century covered bridge, carrying Howe Lane across the First Branch White River a short way south of the village of Tunbridge, Vermont. Built in 1883, it is a fine example of a Kingspost truss structure, and is one of the town&#39;s five 19th-century covered bridges. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cilley Covered Bridge stands in a rural area about 1 mi south of the central village of Tunbridge. It carries Howe Lane, a side loop off Vermont Route 110, across the First Branch White River. It is a single-span Kingspost truss structure, 66 ft long and 19 ft wide, with a road bed 16 ft wide (one lane). The bridge is set on abutments of stone, one of which has been faced in concrete, and is covered in vertical board siding and a metal roof. The south side of the bridge has two square window holes, which improve visibility due to a sharp turn in the road at one end. The trusses are set at a skew, giving the bridge the shape of a parallelogram. The portals are square, and the exterior sheating extends around to the ends of the trusses on the interior.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1883, and has been little altered since then. It is one of six bridges in a 7 mi stretch of the First Branch White River, representing one of the highest concentrations of covered bridges in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Quechee Historic Mill District encompasses the historic heart of the village of Quechee, Vermont, a well-preserved 19th-century mill village. Extending along Quechee Main Street between the Old Quechee Road and the Quechee-West Hartford Road, the village was settled in the 1760s, and has an industrial history extending into the 20th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of Quechee is located in the central-western portion of Hartford, Vermont, and is set mainly on the northern bank of the Ottauquechee River, where a falls near the village center provided the impetus for industrial development. A covered bridge spans the river just below the area of the falls, where a dam creates a modest impoundment to the west. At the northern end of the dam stand the surviving elements of the 19th-century mills, now adapted for other uses. Next to it is the 1857 Parker House, a fine Second Empire home built by a mill owner. The village includes two cemeteries, several church buildings (some converted to other uses, and a former library, built in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Quechee area was first settled in the 1760s, and the power of the Ottauquechee River for industrial use was immediately realized: in 1765, the town set aside land near the falls, and by the 1770s a sawmill and gristmill had been established. By the mid-19th century, textile development was underway, producing woolen flannel fabric. The existing mill burned in 1869, and was rebuilt and expanded over the following decades. The mill closed in 1951, and has since been readapted for use as a glass blowing studio. The village itself was transformed by an active redevelopment initiative into a center of recreation and tourism.</p><br>
<p>Vasu Vihara or Vasu Vihar is one of the famous archaeological site in Bnagladesh. Locally is popular by the name Narapatir Dhap. It is one of the ancient Buddhist heritage of Bangladesh.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is situated in Shibganj Upazila of Bogra. It is located 6 Kilometer west of Mahasthangarh.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1973-74, the excavation was started here and in the consecutive two session it was resumed. 18 ancient clay seals, mostly from the Pala dynasty, and two brick-built structures has been discovered by the archaeologists during an excavation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This complex has five mounds. Three of them are large and rest two are small.The small monastery is 49 meters north-south and east-west 46 meters. There are six rooms of the monks in the four-arm of it. Front side of the rooms is surrounded by a veranda and there is an entrance in the middle of the east side. The big monastery also looks like the small monastery, but is larger in area and has more rooms. There is an open space among the surroundings of the small rooms of the monks. It seems there was an auditorium in the open space. Nearly 800 antique have been found here. Among them miniature statues, plaques and seals, beads of precious stones, ornamental bricks and tablets, clay lamps, including vessel fragments are notable.</p><br>
<p>Fassaroe Cross, also called St. Valery&#39;s Cross, is a high cross and National Monument located near Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Fassaroe Cross is located to the west of Bray, just off the Berryfield Lane roundabout, 500 m northwest of the Bray River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cross originally stood at Ballyman (about 1.6 km NNW of the present site), and is believed to have been carved in the late 12th century. Other similar crosses in the Rathdown area are located at Rathmichael, Killegar and Shankill, and are collectively known as the "Fassaroe crosses&quot they were probably carved by the same mason.</p><br>
<p>According to the English writer Anne Plumptre (1760–1818), who stayed with the Walker family at St. Valery in 1814–15, the cross was brought from a glen to Fassaroe, and stood originally in the center of a little paddock, round which runs the plantation. Pilgrims travelled from miles around and wore many paths down to the cross.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross is made of granite with a band of quartz and stands 1.42 m high and is 16 cm wide.</p><br>
<p>The west face bears a crucifixion, while the east face bears two very worn human heads, both bearded and one perhaps wearing a mitre. There are two other heads on the cross: one protruding from the south edge of the ring and another is situated on the north eastern side of the base.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac M. Raymond Farm, now Uphill Farm, is a historic farm property on North Bridgewater Road in Woodstock, Vermont. The farm is the reduced core of a larger farm property accumulated in the first half of the 19th century by Isaac Raymond, and revived as a gentleman&#39;s farm in 1940. The property includes an altered 1805 Cape style farmhouse and 20th-century Colonial Revival farm buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Raymond farm occupies a roughly L-shaped parcel of more than 80 acre on a hillside and hilltop overlooking Gulf Stream, a tributary of the Ottauquechee River flowing roughly southeast to join the river just below Woodstock village. The farm&#39;s 19th-century extent ranged as far east as Vermont Route 12 to the east, and included a signifanct tract to the north. The current property is roughly bounded on the south by North Bridgewater Road, and is accessed via a winding drive, designated as Town Highway 95 in the portion outside the property. Portions of the farm designated for different uses are set off from each other by a variety of stone walls, barbed wire fencing, and split rail fencing. The farmland is a mix of open meadow, woodlots, and cropland. The farmstead includes an 1805 Cape style house, and three barns built in the 1940s. The house was extensively altered at the same time, mainly on the interior, which was apparently gutted.</p><br>
<p>The core of the farm was acquired in 1801 by James Raymond, who moved to Woodstock from Middleborough, Massachusetts, and was the likely builder of the surviving farmhouse. In 1830 Raymond deeded the property to his son Isaac, who was responsible for its significant enlargement, adding uplands to the north. The Raymonds operated what was essentially a diversified subsistence farming operation, which was continued with tenant farmers operating under lease to absentee owners after the Raymonds sold the property. In 1940, Thomas Crocker III purchased the farm, and transformed it into a gentleman&#39;s farm, modernizing the house and replacing the surviving farm buildings with new Colonial Revival structures. A lowland portion of the farm near Route 12 was later sold to the Vermont Land Trust, and is now part of National Park Service-owned property hosting the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Paddock Strong House is a historic house at 94 West Main Street in Vergennes, Vermont. Built in the 1830s for a prominent local businessman, it is a well-preserved example of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It now houses the Strong House Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Strong House is located southwest of downtown Vergennes, on the northwest side of West Main Street (Vermont Route 22A). It consists of a 2-1/2 story main block, covered by a front-facing gabled roof, with integral flanking side-gable single-story ells. It is a wood frame structure, with clapboard siding and a stone foundation. The building corners are pilastered, with a dentillated entablature encircling the main block, and a pedimented gable with triangular fan window at its center. The main entrance is in the rightmost bay of the 3-bay facade, recessed with sidelight and transom windows in an opening framed by pilasters and an entablature. The interior has largely been modernized, but three original fireplaces surviving, including one of locally quarried black marble.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Paddock Strong purchased the land for this house in 1832, and probably built the house not long afterward. Its designs are based in part on the published patterns of Asher Benjamin. Strong was the grandson of one of the area&#39;s early settlers, and achieved prominence in the community as president of the Bank of Vergennes and of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Washington Street–Monument Circle Historic District is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district encompasses 40 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the central business district of Indianapolis centered on Monument Circle. It developed between about 1852 and 1946, and includes representative examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Eighteen of the contributing buildings are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other notable buildings include the L.S. Ayres & Co. Department Store , Kahn Tailoring Company Building , Hannaman and Duzan Building , Odd Fellows Building , Hotel Harrison , Guaranty Building , Circle Tower , Consolidated Building , and Turner Building and Savings Association .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Bryan County Courthouse is located in Pembroke, Georgia and was built in 1938 in the Neoclassical Revial style, after Pembroke became the county seat of Bryan County in 1937. It is the third courthouse built for the county. The interior of the building has a cross plan, with entrances on all four sides. Annexes were built in 1969, 1990, and 1993. At the time of construction, it was the most modern and elaborate building in the city.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is one of 19 courthouses built in Georgia between 1930 and 1945. It is one of seven Georgia courthouses from that period that are not documented as having been funded by depression-era federal government programs. However, the establishment of Fort Stewart caused the county seat to be moved, so the Department of Defense probably covered the cost.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Rathcoran is a passage grave and hillfort and National Monument located atop Baltinglass Hill, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Rathcoran is located atop Baltinglass Hill, 2 km east-northeast of Baltinglass, overlooking the River Slaney.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The passage grave is thought to be contemporaneous with Newgrange, i.e. it was built 3500–3000 BC, during the Neolithic.</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 1934–36 by P. T. Walshe, revealing evidence of the cremations of at least 3 adults and a child. Fragments of quartz unearthed during the excavation suggest that it was used for decoration. Carbonised hazelnuts, wheat grains and a saddle quern point to the extent of local climate change: in Neolithic Ireland, the climate was drier and warmer, County Wicklow&#39;s glens were densely wooded, and farmers could grow crops at altitudes above 300 m.</p><br>
<p>Five hillforts surround Baltinglass. Rathcoran, atop Baltinglass Hill is dated to 1000 BC or slightly earlier: during the Bronze Age. The name is from the Irish Ráth Cuaráin ("Cuarán&#39;s ringfort"), but this name is doubtful: the original name could be Ráth Charnáin, "ringfort of the cairn."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Passage grave</h3><br>
<p>The passage tomb survives as a multi-period kerbed cairn with a diameter of 27 m, underneath which are five structures:</p><br>
<p>A kerb of large stones surround the cairn, and an inner kerb was revealed during excavation. Two stones of the inner kerb and one of the outer bear passage tomb art.</p><br>
<p>The main tomb is on the north side. It has a short passage, 3.2 m long, roofed with slabs and leading to a chamber 2 m in diameter which contains three shallow recesses and a stone basin with pecked ornament.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of the cairn is another tomb comprising a chamber divided into three compartments, but no passage, and two of its stones bear passage tomb art.</p><br>
<p>On the northwest side of the cairn are the remains of a small corbelled structure, partly overlain by the inner kerb.</p><br>
<p>A fifth chamber stands inside the kerb to the east of the main tomb.</p><br>
<p>The finds from the site include the cremated bones of at least three adults and one child, flint scrapers, Carrowkeel pottery and bone pins. Finds from beneath the cairn included a stone axe, a flint javelin-head, scrapers, an egg-shaped stone, carbonised wheat grains and hazelnuts. A saddle quern was also found in the cairn.</p><br>
<h3>Hillfort</h3><br>
<p>The Rathcoran hillfort, a bivallate ringfort, is at the top of Baltinglass Hill, and surrounds the cairn. Stones from the cairn were moved to miake a protective wall. It has a double rampart and perhaps was intended to have a third, which is incompleted. It encloses a roughly oval shape, around 400 m at its widest point.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Charitone is a historic building located in Chariton, Iowa, United States. Local architect William L. Perkins designed the building in the Neoclassical style. It was his second major commission in town after the Chariton Herald-Patriot Building . Local contractor P.E. Johnson constructed the building. It opened on November 5, 1923 and remained in operation as a hotel with some apartments under various owners. The buildings had fallen into disrepair and was vacant when Hy-Vee, a grocery store chain that had been headquartered in Chariton for years spearheaded the renovation of the building as an act of gratitude for the communitys support. A Hy-Vee Market Grill opened in May 2014, and the upper floors house 12 apartments. The four-story brick structure features three arched windows on the first floor of the west, and two that flank the main entrance on the south elevation. A third window on this side of the building had been converted into a doorway into the hotels restaurant by 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Cloud and Red River Valley Stage Road–Kandota Section is a preserved fragment of a stagecoach road in Kandota Township, Minnesota, United States. It was part of a long route established in 1859 that ran from St. Cloud, Minnesota, to the Red River Valley on the border of Minnesota, North Dakota, and Manitoba. The 250 yd road fragment was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for having state-level significance in the theme of transportation. It was nominated for being a remnant of one of Minnesotas most important stagecoach roads, and a reminder of the stagecoach companies founding role in establishing the state&#39;s overland travel routes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kandota Section begins at a westward bend of Todd County Highway 92 and runs northwest for 250 yd, where all traces of it are lost in an agricultural field. The first 50 yd descend a slight incline through a wooded area and have small ditches on either side of the 6 ft track. The rest of the distance is level and shows no evidence of ditches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Saint Cloud and Red River Valley Stage Road was prompted by an 1857 international agreement that the Hudsons Bay Company of Canada could supply its Red River outposts from Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Northwestern Express and Transportation Company acquired the contract to carry the supplies and—following a merger and name change to the Minnesota Stage Company—mail between St. Cloud and Fort Abercrombie. One of the stagecoach companys partners, Russell Blakely, led the road-blazing crew. They began in June 1859, felling trees and building bridges, and the first stagecoach was able to traverse the route on July 4.</p><br>
<p>The road was the first to carry regular stagecoach traffic from the settlements of Central Minnesota to the Red River Valley, and functioned in concert with the establishment of steamboat service on the Red River of the North. The road also spurred the development of west-central Minnesota, as towns were founded along its route.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Cloud and Red River Valley Stage Road did so well that in 1863 the stage company had to advertise for more drivers and teams. By 1871, though, the first rail line was completed to the Red River Valley and road traffic diminished. Portions of the stage route were incorporated into the road network and modernized, but the Kandota fragment was abandoned in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Depot Square Historic District encompasses the historic commercial business district of Randolph, Vermont. Developed in the mid-19th century around the facilities of the Central Vermont Railway, the area features a high concentration of well-preserved Second Empire and late Victorian commercial architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Randolph is located in the White River valley of central Vermont, roughly midway between Montpelier (the state capital) and White River Junction, a commercial and industrial center on the Connecticut River. Its original center was centered on the banks of the White River in the western part of the town, about 0.5 mi north of present commercial business district. The Central Vermont Railway introduced service to the town in 1848, and its depot became the new focus for commercial and industrial activity. Most of the area&#39;s buildings date after 1875, with the current railroad station dating to 1877. Industrial buildings include the Randolph Coal and Ice Company building, and a large grain mill. Depot Square is lined with brick commercial buildings built in the 1870s and 1880s, that are fine examples of Second Empire and Late Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is organized around the three sets of railroad tracks that run roughly east-west, roads that parallel them on either side (forming Depot Square), and stretches of Main Street (Vermont Route 12) and Pleasant Street that extend north from railroad crossing to their point of junction. The train depot is located at Salisbury and Main Streets, and commercial buildings line Main and Salisbury Streets, and Merchants Row in this area. Pleasant Street is lined on one side by predominantly residential buildings, and the other by the back sides of Main Street properties.</p><br>
<p>Reading Town Hall, the town hall of Reading, Vermont, is located at the junction of Vermont Route 106 and Pleasant Street in the village of Felchville. Built in 1915 as a gift from a native son, the barn-like structure is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture, and has been a center of local civic activity since its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Reading Town Hall stands prominently at the southwest corner of VT 106 and Pleasant Street in Felchville, the rural community&#39;s principal village. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with bellcast gambrel roof, and an exterior clad in wooden shingles. The main facade faces east toward VT 106, and is symmetrical, with a centered entrance framed by paired pilasters and a corniced entablature. The entry is flanked by sash windows on either side, with three in the second story and one in the half story above. The interior has a large auditorium on the upper floor, with space for post office, town clerk, and a banquet hall on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1911, its funding provided by Wallace F. Robinson, a Reading native son who succeeded in business in Boston, Massachusetts. The building was designed by J.E. Morse of Springfield, and is unusual among the states town halls for its barn-like appearance. Robinson in 1916 also provided the town with an endowment for the buildings maintenance.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pisgah Lutheran Church, also known in its early years as the First Lutheran Church and First English Lutheran Church and more recently as The Sanctuary on Penn, is located at 701 North Pennsylvania Street in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The historic church was built by the city&#39;s first Lutheran congregation, which organized in 1837, and was its third house of worship. The former church, whose present-day name is The Sanctuary on Penn, is operated as a for-profit event venue.</p><br>
<p>The red-brick structure is notable because it combined two styles of architecture, Late Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival, which were popular styles for religious buildings in the late nineteenth century. The L-shaped church was built in two sections. The original chapel, which dates from 1874–75, is Late Gothic Revival-style building. The Romanesque Revival-style main sanctuary was completed in 1887 on a limestone foundation laid in 1875. The sanctuary features round-arched windows, a rose window, and brick buttresses with limestone caps. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pastor Abraham Reck organized the citys first Lutheran congregation in 1837 and served as its pastor until 1841. Eventually, the congregation became known as the Mount Pisgah Evangelical Lutheran, First English Lutheran, and First Lutheran Church. The congregation built three churches in downtown Indianapolis at different times and in three different locations. The cornerstone for the congregations first church at Meridian and Ohio Streets was laid in April 1838. The congregations second church, which cost $3,000, stood at Alabama and New York Streets. Both of these churches have been demolished; however, the congregations third building at 701 North Pennsylvania Street still stands.</p><br>
<p>For its third church, the Lutheran congregation acquired a lot at the corner of Pennsylvania and Walnut Streets in 1874 for $2,500. The building was constructed in two sections. The chapel dates from 1874–75; the sanctuary was completed in 1887 on a foundation laid in 1874–75. Peter Cookingham was the architect of the chapel. The main sanctuary&#39;s architect is not known for certain. Cookingham may have drawn the plans for the sanctuary, but he had left Indianapolis by the time it was completed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In March 1970 the congregation voted to sell its North Pennsylvania Street property and relocate east of the downtown area; however, at a meeting held in September 1973, the congregation reversed the decision and remained at the church for several more years. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Its present-day owners operate the facility, called The Sanctuary on Penn, as a for-profit venue for weddings and other special events. See also:</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, which was constructed in two sections, is notable for its combination of two popular styles of architecture for religious buildings in the late nineteenth century. The first section of the L-shaped, red-brick building was a small, Late Gothic Revival-style chapel dating from 1874–75. Construction on the second section, a Romanesque Revival-style main sanctuary, began in 1885 and was completed in 1886 on a limestone foundation that was laid in 1874–75. The two structures are attached at the southeast corner of the sanctuary. The main sanctuary on North Pennsylvania Street faces west; the attached chapel on Walnut Street faces south.</p><br>
<p>Few alterations to the building have been made since its completion in 1886. A pipe organ was installed in 1898 on a raised platform behind the altar. In 1915 the churchs plain windows were replaced with stained glass. The renovation also included excavation under the sanctuary and a concrete floor to provide space for classrooms and restrooms on the lower level. In addition, an entrance to the basement was added to the buildings south elevation.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival-style chapel was constructed of red brick with a limestone foundation. Brick buttresses were constructed on its corners. The chapel features a steep, gable roof of slate and tall, narrow windows with two-story arches. The south façade facing Walnut Street has tall, stained-glass windows flanking a larger one. The chapels entrance features double doors inset with stained-glass windows. (The chapels original entrance had double doors with a transom above the entrance that contained the words, Luther Chapel.)</p><br>
<p>The Romanesque Revival-style main sanctuary was constructed of red brick with a limestone foundation. It features round-arched windows, a stained-glass rose window, and brick buttresses with limestone caps. The main buildings slate roof was framed with wood timbers. The front façades arched and segmented stained-glass window is installed beneath a stained-glass rose window that dominates the center section. The front façade&#39;s two double-door entrances with stained-glass transoms flank the center section. The southwest entrance has a gable-roof porch supported by wooden brackets. The church had a single cross the peak of the gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary&#39;s north and south elevations include four stained-glass windows with rounded arches set in recessed panels. The brick buttresses with limestone caps separate the arched panels. In addition, the upper-most level on the north and south elevations, near the front façade, each include three, round-arched openings with wooden louvers. These may have been intended to house church bells that were never installed.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The sanctuary&#39;s simple interior includes a large stained-glass window on the west wall that depicts Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd. A Moeller Company pipe organ originally covered the apse; it was moved to the front of the sanctuary, behind the altar, in 1898 and relocated to the rear of the sanctuary during a later renovation to the church.</p><br>
<p>During renovations made in 1915, the church&#39;s plain glass was replaced with stained glass and its electrical fixtures were replaced with gas fixtures. In addition, the second floor above the original chapel was remodeled to create classrooms and the ground beneath the sanctuary was excavated and concrete floor added to create space for classrooms and restrooms. A later renovation included the addition of a false ceiling in the sanctuary. In the 1970s the basement was repainted and the chapel was redecorated.</p><br>
<h2>Church mission and present-day use</h2><br>
<p>When the church was active as a Lutheran congregation, it helped establish five other congregations in the city: Zion United Church of Christ (1841), Pleasant View Lutheran Church (1844), Gethsemane Lutheran Church (1921), Bethlehem Lutheran Church (1923), and First Latvian Church (1947). The Lutheran congregation also contributed to the development of the Lutheran church in Indiana. In 1920 the Lutheran convention that organized the Indiana Synod was held at the church and the first administrative offices of the Indiana-Kentucky Synod were housed there.</p><br>
<p>The First Lutheran Church also provided outreach services and community development efforts. After World War II it sponsored Estonian immigrants to Indianapolis and at one time offered Estonian language religious services. The Indianapolis Near East Side Community Organization (NESCO) organized at the church building in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The present-day facility, called The Sanctuary on Penn, is a for-profit, private event venue.</p><br>
<p>The O. E. Payne House, also known as Dual Gables, is a historic building located in Chariton, Iowa, United States. The single-story frame house was built in 1889. Its significance is derived from its unusual architectural form that originated in the picturesque architectural tradition of the mid-19th century. It follows a Y-shaped plan with two front gables that are set at right angles from each other, and they each sit at a 45° angle to the street. Within the angle is located two entrances, above which is a wooden frieze that features quatrefoil cutouts. On the gable ends the clapboards are set in a diagonal pattern above a frieze of recessed square panels. The stem of the Y extends to the rear of the property. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The John Strong Mansion Museum or John Strong House is a historic house museum on Vermont Route 17W in Addison, Vermont. It was built in 1795-96 by John Strong, a Vermont politician and veteran of the American Revolutionary War. It is one of Vermont&#39;s grandest examples of late 19th-century Federal architecture. It is now operated as a museum by the Daughters of the American Revolution, open between Memorial Day and Labor Day. It is surrounded by D.A.R. State Park. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Strong Mansion stands on the west side of Vermont Route 17W, overlooking Lake Champlain in western Addison. It occupies a modest square parcel, now completely surrounded by D.A.R. State Park. It is a large two-story brick building, covered by a hipped roof with a triangular gable at the center of the east-facing front facade. The roofline has a dentillated cornice, with a half-round fan in the front gable. The main facade is five bays wide and symmetrical, with the main entrance at the center of the ground floor, and an elaborate Palladian window above it on the second floor. The entrance is flanked by wide sidelight windows, and is sheltered by an early 20th-century Colonial Revival gabled porch. The interior has well-preserved original details, including a fine central staircase and fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>John Strong was a native of Connecticut who moved to the area in 1765. He built his first house not far from the site of this one, supposedly on the site of a previous French home that had been burned during the French and Indian War. He served in the Vermont militia during the Revolution, and his house was burned by the British during the war. He rebuilt that house after the war ended, and built this imposing residence in the 1790s as its replacement. His land was acquired in 1934 by the state chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, who donated most of it to the state for the formation of the state park.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Neighborhood Historic District is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district encompasses 57 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Indianapolis. It was developed between about 1855 and 1930, and include representative examples of Italianate and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Bals-Wocher House, William Buschmann Block, Delaware Court, Pearson Terrace, and The Spink. Other notable buildings include the Christian Place complex, Fishback-Vonnegut-New House, Henry Hilker House, Apollo-Aurora Rowhouses, Israel Traub Store , and Lorenzo Moody House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Kindlestown Castle is a castle and a National Monument in Delgany, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kindlestown Castle is located astride the slopes of Kindlestown Hill, to the north of Delgany, 1.9 km west of Greystones railway station, and near the Dromont housing development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kindlestown Castle is a late stone example of the hall house, commanding a good view of the countryside and the Irish Sea. The castle takes its name from its association with Albert de Kenley (Sheriff of Kildare in 1301), who is believed to have erected it in the late 13th century. Others give it an earlier date of 1225, associating it with Walter de Bendeville.</p><br>
<p>De Kenley married Joan, the widow of Ralph Mac Giolla Mocholmág (Sir Ralph Fitzdermot) in 1292 and had custody of his lands for his stepson, John Fitzdermot. He retained some of the land for himself as can be seen from a deed dated 1304, and may have built the castle to protect against attack from the native Irish. In 1301 the Uí Broin (O&#39;Byrnes) burned down nearby Rathdown Castle; the occupants may have taken refuge at Kindlestown. But John Fitzdermot had not the stomach for the fight with the Irish, conveying the manor of Rathdown about 1305 to Nigel le Brun, Escheator of Ireland. In 1377 the Uí Broin took Kindlestown itself. It was recovered by Robert Wikeford, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and it later passed into the possession of the Archbold family.</p><br>
<p>Around 1402 there was another attempt by the OByrnes to take over, but Donnacha OByrne was defeated by the Archbolds. Kindlestown Castle flourished during this time and we know from the Inquisitions of James I that in 1621 it was surrounded by 400 acre of land and had a water mill.</p><br>
<p>The Archbolds fell into debt and Edward Archbold sold Kindlestown to William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath in 1630.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The castle, also called a hall house, measures externally 21 m by 9.8 m and is 8 m in height, with walls 1.5 m thick. The northern wall and part of the eastern wall survive intact to parapet level, but the southern and western walls were demolished in the post-medieval period. The surviving castle, two storeys high, is built of rough limestone, and the main features consist of a small projecting tower in the north-west corner, an original barrel vault at ground-floor level, and an entrance (at ground-floor level) and mural staircase in the eastern wall. The windows are small defensive arrowslits in the exterior, widening into segmental-arched embrasures in the interior. Window-seats survive at first-floor level. The remains of a slated parapet and stone string-course are also visible in the front façade.</p><br>
<p>The Root School is a historic school building at 987 Union Village Road in Norwich, Vermont. Built in 1937, it is a rare late example of a one-room schoolhouse, made further distinctive by the survival of its original schoolroom interior. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Root School stands in a rural setting in eastern Norwich, on the north side of Union Village Road, a short way east of its junction with Goodrich Four Corners Road and Pattell Road. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of concrete blocks and poured concrete. The main entrance is in the western facade, facing the small parking area, and is sheltered by a gabled porch. Sash windows line the western and southern facades. The interior has a narrow vestibule, which opens into the main chamber. It has a stage at one end, and retains original wood flooring, wainscoting, and a woodstove with an unusual safety enclosure. The stage is effectively recessed between a small kitchen (formerly a cloakroam) on one side, and bathrooms on the other.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1937, a fairly late period for the construction of these types of district school buildings. It was used until 1946 for educational purposes, and has been used since then by a variety of community organizations, most recently as a community clubhouse. It is unusual among one-room schoolhouses for retaining most of its original interior, which is often lost when such buildings are converted to other uses. This school, along with the Beaver Meadow School, was among the last of the town&#39;s district schools to close.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Samuel Strong House is a historic house on West Main Street in Vergennes, Vermont. Built in 1796, it is one of Vermont&#39;s finest examples late Georgian/early Federal period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The General Samuel Strong House stands on the north side of West Main Street, west of downtown Vergennes and just north of the road&#39;s junction with Panton Road. It is fronted by a shallow semicircular drive, and is screened from the road by trees. It is a two-story L-shaped wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboard siding. The street-facing southern main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a half-round transom window and gabled pediment. A low gable rises from the roof above the center three bays, with an oval window at its center. The eaves of the gable and roof are dentillated. The east-facing secondary facade is less elaborate than the main one, with its entrance sheltered by a gabled porch.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1796, supposedly by Samuel Strong himself as his residence. Strong was a local militia leader during the War of 1812 who was instrumental in organizing local forces for the Battle of Plattsburgh near the end of that war.</p><br>
<p>The Ely Boston & Maine Railroad Depot is a historic railroad station at Ely Road and Old Route 5 in Fairlee, Vermont. Built in 1900 by the Boston and Maine Railroad, it is a well-preserved rural station, designed to house the stationmaster as well as providing station facilities. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Ely Depot stands in a rural area of southern Fairlee, on a triangular strip of land bordered on the west by the former railroad tracks of the Boston and Maine Railroad, and on the east by an old alignment of United States Route 5, which now roughly parallels the tracks just to their west. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. On the track-facing side, a full-height section projects to a cross gable, which originally housed the telegraphers booth. The east-facing facade has some brackets, evidence of a cantilevered porch that once projected from its second floor. An original semphore mast stands near the buildings northwest corner. The interior retains most of its original layout, which included a lobby, station office, and freight storage area, with a residential space on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The railroad line passing through southern Fairlee was opened in 1848 by the Connecticut and Passumpsic River Railroad (C&PRR), and the station located here was originally known as Wares Crossing, after a local landowner. In 1865, Smith Ely, the owner of a mining operation in Vershire, purchased land for a freight forwarding and storage facility, since it was uneconomical to run a rail line toward his mines. The present building was constructed about 1900 by the Boston & Maine, the successor to the C&PRR, after the previous station was destroyed by fire. In the early decades of the 20th century, the station became a popular stop for vacationers en route to the growing summer camps of Lake Fairlee. The station was closed in the 1960s. In the 1970s the lobby and agent&#39;s office were used as a local post office.</p><br>
<p>Pine-Hickory Lakes Roadside Parking Area is a wayside rest located along USA HIghway 169 in Farm Island Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota. It is located on an isthmus between Little Pine Lake and Hickory Lake. It is one of the largest wayside rests developed by the Minnesota Highway Department during the New Deal, at 35 acre. Arthur R. Nichols, collaborating with engineer Harold E. Olson, designed the rest area in the National Park Service rustic style. The wayside rest was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2016.</p><br>
<p>The wayside rest was the result of a collaboration between the Minnesota Highway Department, the National Youth Administration, and the Works Progress Administration. The highway department was making an effort to improve highway safety and aesthetics, as well as encouraging the state&#39;s growing automobile tourism industry. The rest area provides public swimming, fishing, and hiking, and also provides boat access to Hickory Lake.</p><br>
<p>The western area of the wayside rest has hiking trails near the shore of Little Pine Lake and climbing a wooded hill. It had a picnic area with a stone fire ring with a cooking grate. The picnicking area is now overgrown and no longer accessible for picnicking, but two remaining fireplaces are intact. The east area had a footpath following the shore of Hickory Lake and looping around a steep hilltop, as well as picnicking facilities. The footpaths are currently accessible, and a stone refuse container and the remains of two fireplaces are still present, but this picnicking area is also overgrown and no longer usable for picnicking. The south area is across the Ripple River from the north and west areas, and it had footpaths connected via a small wooden footbridge to the north and west areas. The footbridge has since been removed, and the south area&#39;s trail system has been pared down because much of the land south of the river is wet during much of the year. Its picnicking area is also overgrown, but a stone "council ring" remains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Langya is a mountain located in Yi County, Hebei province about 180 mi southwest of Beijing.</p><br>
<h2>Five heroes of Mount Langya</h2><br>
<p>According to the mythology of the Communist Party of China, the "five heroes of Mount Langya" were five men who fought the Imperial Japanese Army atop Mount Langya during the Second Sino-Japanese War. They supposedly killed dozens and then committed suicide by throwing themselves off the top of the mountain to escape capture by the Japanese. Two of the Chinese soldiers survived. The story is celebrated in China; a Chinese court has written that the heroes and their story reflect "the national sentiments, historical memories and the national spirit" and are important "sources and components of modern China’s socialist core values".</p><br>
<h3>Myth disputed</h3><br>
<p>Hong Zhenkuai, a Chinese historian, has disputed the myth, saying that the five men had slipped rather than jumped, and that they had not in fact killed any Japanese soldiers. Jiang Keshi, a professor at Okayama University in Japan, found in a search of Japanese military records that no soldiers had died in their encounter with the five on Langya. Publishing doubts about the historicity of the official account of the story has been implicated in the closure of the magazine Yanhuang Chunqiu in 2016. A court decided in 2016 that the historian behind the article, Hong Zhenkuai, had defamed the heroes and was ordered to publicly apologize.</p><br>
<p>The Former Audubon County Courthouse, also known as the Audubon County Historical Society Museum, is a historic building located in Exira, Iowa, United States. Court proceedings were first held in a schoolhouse in Hamlin’s Grove after Audubon County was established in 1851. The county seat was relocated to Exira ten years later, and a disagreement erupted over where the county seat should be located. The county board of supervisors made an appropriation for a new courthouse in 1871, but its construction was delayed due to the disagreement. Exira eventually won and officials constructed the courthouse for about $2,200. The Exira Hall Company was established to build the two-story, frame structure. County offices were located on the first floor and the courtroom was located on the second floor. The county seat was moved to Audubon in 1879.</p><br>
<p>It is unknown what the building was used for between 1879 and 1887 when the local Knights of Pythias lodge took over the rent and later acquired the title. The second floor was used for the lodge. The buildings name was changed to the Opera House when the first floor was rented out to travelling musical and theater groups, and Chautauquas. The first silent movies were also shown in the hall. The first floor had a seating capacity of nearly 400. Other uses for the building have included the towns first library, a bakery, restaurant, cafe, an outreach center, as well as other uses. The Audubon County Historical Society eventually acquired the building for use as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew P. Hansen Farmstead is a collection of historic domestic and agricultural buildings located northwest of Brayton, Iowa, United States. Hansen was born in Fyn, Denmark, and was five years old when the family immigrated to the United States, settling in Avoca, Iowa. He worked for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad there before buying his first 40 acre from the railroad. The farm eventually grew to 120 acre. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. At the time of its nomination the farm included five contributing buildings including the transverse-frame dairy barn , the hog house , the 1½-story American Foursquare house , the Midwest three portal cattle barn , and a garage . It also includes one contributing structure, the double corn crib . The house and the barns are characteristic of the building trends that are associated with Danish immigrants during the period of significance, in this case 1894-1924.</p><br>
<p>The Poplar Rural District is a nationally recognized historic district located north of Jacksonville, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The 36 contributing resources include three houses, 12 barns, 14 outbuildings, which are all included as buildings. The three corn cribs and the two granaries/corn cribs are the structures. A concrete post fence line is the object, and the landscape of the district is the site. They are all associated with the largest rural settlement of Danish immigrants in the United States. The farmsteads are located on the hilltops or along the hillsides. The latter appear to be somewhat linked to the ethnic heritage of the Danish immigrants who tended to locate their farmsteads on sheltered hillsides. The period of significance starts with the construction of the original Jackson #1 schoolhouse in 1884, and concludes with the construction of the second Jackson #1 schoolhouse in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Novyy Island  is an island of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago in the Kara Sea, off the coast of Siberia.</p><br>
<p>Administratively this island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai Federal subject of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Novyy Island is located in the central area of the archipelago on the southern side of the Radzeyevsky Strait. The island is 2 km long and has a maximum width of 1.6 km. There are wetlands in the middle of the island.</p><br>
<p>It is the northernmost island of the Vilkitsky Islands (острова Вилькицкого) —also known as Dzhekman Islands— subgroup of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago. The closest islands are Chabak Island, the largest island of the group, 2 km to the southwest and Strizhev Island 2.2 km to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The climate in the archipelago is severe and the sea surrounding the island is covered with fast ice in the winter and often obstructed by pack ice even in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, the islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago were explored by Russian Navy Captain Fyodor Matisen, who named most of them. The survey was done during the first wintering of the Russian polar expedition of 1900–02 on behalf of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences led by geologist Baron Eduard Von Toll aboard ship Zarya.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Albert Hastings Markham. Arctic Exploration, 1895</p><br>
<p>State Butchers Shop is a heritage-listed butcher shop at 75 Arthur Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Government Architects Office and built in 1919. It is also known as Bushells Meats, Dore & Donald Butchers, and Ladbrook&#39;s Butchery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed brick shop was erected in 1919 for the Queensland Government as a purpose-designed State Butchers Shop. From 1915 to 1929, 90 State butchers shops operated in Queensland for various periods, mostly in leased or purchased premises. The peak number of shops operating at any one time was 72, in 1922-1923. The Roma shop was one of Queenslands few purpose-designed State butcheries, and one of the more substantial of the regional State butchers shops.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 T. J. Ryans Labor government won office in wartime Queensland on the strength of promises to improve living standards - principally by addressing the problems of high commodity prices, price-fixing and the emergence of monopolies. The Labor party in general and Ryan and his Treasurer, Ted Theodore, in particular, advocated public ownership of key economic activities, in competition with private enterprise, but at fair prices. They argued that by operating at a reduced profit margin (the State butchers shops average one-fifth of a penny profit on every pound of meat sold), the cost of goods and services provided by State-run enterprises would be reduced, and that the flow-on effect would be to reduce and stabilise prices for similar goods and services provided by the private sector. In the period 1915-1925 the Queensland Government instituted or acquired a diversity of business enterprises, including a State Insurance Office, a Public Curators Office, the Golden Casket State Lottery, sawmills and joinery works, mining and fishing ventures (including a string of State Fish Shops), a hotel, a sugar mill, cold stores, plant nurseries, cattle stations and a network of butchers shops, the process being formalised with the passing of the State Enterprises Act of 1918. These activities were part of a broader, pragmatic Labor platform which advocated State intervention in the private sector to protect individuals against capitalist exploitation, not as a means of involving workers in the control of production, or of raising wage levels. Labor politicians regarded State enterprise as "State capitalism" rather than "State socialism".</p><br>
<p>In 1915 cattle raising was one of the principal economic activities of the State, and meat was considered a staple food. Believing that all Queenslanders should have access to meat at fair prices, and needing to maintain a regular supply of cheap meat to the Allied fighting forces, the Ryan government introduced a Statewide system of State-owned butchers shops which proved to be among the more successful of the numerous State enterprises. The first State butchers shop was opened in Roma Street, Brisbane, on 12 November 1915, and soon other shops were established in Brisbane suburbs and in regional centres such as Rockhampton, Gympie, Townsville, Charters Towers, and Mount Morgan, following the railway lines via which frozen meat was distributed to the State butcheries. During the life of the scheme 90 shops were opened throughout the State.</p><br>
<p>The town of Roma was established officially in 1862 to service the Maranoa pastoral district, and as a government administrative centre. With the extension of the Western railway line to Roma and Charleville in the 1880s, linking Western Queensland to the coastal ports, Roma boomed, and emerged as an important regional centre. Roma was considered an important centre in the Statewide chain of butcher&#39;s shops established by the Labor government from 1915. It was a substantial town serving a wide pastoral and agricultural district, and functioned as an important distribution centre for meat slaughtered at the State-owned Charleville Meatworks, further west along the railway.</p><br>
<p>Toward the end of 1918 moves were made to open a State butchers shop at Roma. In fairness to established butcheries, when the State intended to open a butchers shop in a town or suburb, inspections were made of existing butcheries, to assess the possibility of State acquisition. At Roma, at least two butchers were keen to sell their business and/or premises, but inspection revealed that these shops were not sufficiently well-equipped, and recommendation was made to erect purpose-designed premises of the most up-to-date kind. The recommendation was accepted, but while an appropriate site for new premises was being sought, two State butcher&#39;s shops opened in Roma on 1 March 1919, in leased premises in Wyndham and Arthur Streets.</p><br>
<p>By May 1919 a vacant allotment in Arthur Street had been resumed, and an adjacent allotment was purchased subsequently from Henry Hoffman. A cottage on this second land parcel was removed to Charleville Meatworks to make room for the construction of the State butchers shop. Plans were prepared in the office of the Queensland Government Architect. The new building was completed by late October, and opened on 18 September 1919, at which time the leased shops in Arthur and Wyndham Streets were closed. The new premises was of brick construction, and at a cost of £4,061/13/3, was one of the more expensive of the purpose-built State butchers shops. It contained an office, shop, breaking-down room, salting-room, cold room, country order department, store, and engine-room. In 1920, just over £300 was spent on stables.</p><br>
<p>Only six purpose-designed butchers shops were constructed in Queensland, each apparently built to an individual design: a retail butchery within the Central State Fish Market, South Brisbane (the markets were a substantial brick complex erected 1917-18 at a cost of over £45,500); Booval State Butchery (erected at a cost of just over £600); Roma State Butchery (brick, erected 1919 at a cost of just over £4,000 (this figure possibly includes plant)); Ayr State Butchery (brick and wood, erected at a cost of just over £2,000); Mackay State Butchery (fibrous-cement and wood, erected at a cost of just over £2,600); and Walkerston State Butchery (erected 1922-23 at a cost of about £536). Cold stores and additions were erected at various butchers shops, but no other purpose-designed shop was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Initially the State butchers shops were supplied with frozen meat from meatworks companies, but from 1921 they purchased their own stock which they killed at their own slaughter-yards, ensuring that the State butchers shops were supplied always with fresh meat at very competitive prices. It has not been established whether the Roma shop continued to be supplied from Charleville Meatworks.</p><br>
<p>Despite benefits such as the provision of employment, assistance to small farmers and small business, and the provision of cheaper meat to thousands, the State Enterprises scheme proved an economic failure. Some State enterprises had been purchased at an inflated price; others were located in unsuitable areas or were badly managed; others suffered the effects of economic recession, or of the mid-1920s drought. Following the passing of the Profiteering Prevention Act of 1920, other mechanisms were in place for controlling prices. By 1926, Labor premier William McCormack had declared publicly his intention of disposing of unprofitable State Enterprises, although little action was taken at the time. Some of the State butcher shops were disposed of in the period 1926-1928 (including the Roma shop), and when Labor was defeated at the 1929 election, the in-coming Country/Progressive/Nationalist coalition government disposed of most of the remaining State Enterprises, including the 39 remaining State butcher&#39;s shops, which ceased trading as of 30 June 1929.</p><br>
<p>In their 14 years of operation, the State butcher&#39;s shops sold over £5 million worth of meat and had made an overall profit to the Treasury of £185,000, but when interest and other charges were factored in, they lost about £6,000. However, this pales by comparison with the combined £2 million loss sustained by the State stations and the State-acquired Chillagoe railway, mines and smelter.</p><br>
<p>The State butchery in Arthur Street, Roma, was sold in July 1928 to Roma butchers Dore and Donald Ltd. Edwin Arnold Donald, son of a Roma grazier, built up a successful butcher&#39;s business in Roma in the 1910s, and it appears to have been his two Roma shops which were leased briefly by the State Butcheries Department in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The original street awning supported on timber posts has been replaced with a cantilevered awning, and the shop front has been modernised. A small office, where customers paid for their meat, was removed when the front section of the shop was refurbished.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the former Roma State Butchers Shop remains a privately owned butchery (Ladbrooks Butchery).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Roma State Butcher&#39;s Shop is located in Arthur Street, Roma, in the town centre, south of the intersection with McDowall Street.</p><br>
<p>It a rectangular, single-storeyed brick building with a gabled roof to the front (east) elevation and hipped gablet roof to the rear (west) elevation. There is a hipped roof wing on the south side. All roofs are covered in corrugated iron. To the rear of the wing is a modern car/van port structure. The front (east) elevation has a decorative gable comprising evenly spaced vertical painted timbers on plaster. Centrally placed in the gable is a timber louvred ventilation panel. There is a cantilevered awning, with a cloth "Dutch style" blind on the south side, beneath which is a modern aluminium shopfront.</p><br>
<p>To the south side there are two original high level windows, now blocked-in. The hipped roof wing, originally open, is now partly built in by a brick wall with a window, with the remainder enclosed in vertical metal sheeting. There is a decorative timber trellis screen fence to the street (east) elevation of the wing. The van/car port is a flat roof metal structure with vertical metal cladding to the south side. In the wall beneath this structure there is a timber door with a skylight over, either side of which are 4:4 pane timber vertical sash windows. To the rear (north) elevation there is a timber lean-to structure clad in weatherboarding, with a centrally placed opening. The rear brick wall of the building is painted with a centrally placed door. In the west side wall there are 3 closely spaced 4:4 pane timber vertical sash windows at the northern end, a door, and two original high level windows, now blocked in, at the southern end. The external brickwork is a combination of stretcher bond to the front and sides of the building, indicating cavity construction, and English bond to the rear, indicating solid wall construction.</p><br>
<p>Internally there is an L-shaped shop area with modern counters. There is a door from this area into a large cold room store on the north side and a door into the meat preparation area. Beyond the preparation area is a store/staff room area.</p><br>
<p>The stables do not survive. There is a small detached toilet block to the northeast corner of the building, but no other structures. The south side of the site has an access road leading to parking at the rear. There is a car width access way along the north side.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former State Butchers Shop was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Former State Butchers Shop, Roma, erected in 1919, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queenslands history. In particular, the place is illustrative of the highly co-ordinated, statewide system of State butcheries which provided cheaper meat to thousands of Queensland families in the years 1915-1929. During this period successive Queensland Labor governments established various State enterprises, with the network of State butchers shops being among the more successful of these experiments. The Roma State Butchers Shop was considered an important distribution centre for meat supplied from the State-owned Charleville Meatworks, which is illustrated in the construction of a substantial brick building with state-of-the-art butchery equipment and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Roma shop was one of only six purpose-designed State butchers shops constructed 1917-1923 - most of the State butchers shops operated from leased or purchased premises - and was among the more substantial (full brick construction) of these.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place has remained a butchers shop, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a purpose-designed State butchers shop of its era.</p><br>
<p>Nord Island  is an island of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago in the Kara Sea, off the coast of Siberia.</p><br>
<p>Administratively this island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai Federal subject of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nord Island is located in the northeastern area of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago south of the Kolomeitsev Islands. It is part of the Vostyochnyye Islands (Восточные острова) Eastern Islands, subgroup of the archipelago. The closest islands are the Yevgeny Fyodorov Islands to the east. The island is irregular in shape, it is 10 km long and has a maximum width of 6 km. There is a 75 m high hill in the NE of the island that has a triangulation station at the top. The southernmost headland is Cape Foka (мыс Фоки).</p><br>
<p>The climate in the archipelago is severe and the sea surrounding the island is covered with fast ice in the winter and often obstructed by pack ice even in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, the islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago were surveyed by Russian Navy Captain Fyodor Matisen during the first wintering of the Russian polar expedition of 1900–02, but this island remained unnamed.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the island was named after ship "Nord" of the Russian Hydrographic Department. Cape Foka, the southern point of the island, was named in 1939 after Georgy Sedov&#39;s schooner "Svyatoy Muchenik Foka" (Saint Martyr Foka)</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Albert Hastings Markham. Arctic Exploration, 1895</p><br>
<p>Romavilla Winery is a heritage-listed winery at 77 Northern Road, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1877 to 1878. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Romavilla Vineyards, on the outskirts of Roma in the Maranoa district of south western Queensland, was established in the 1860s by Samuel Symons Bassett. It dominated wine-production in the Roma district and later in Queensland for many decades, and continues to manufacture commercial wines. The earliest section of the present winery buildings was constructed in 1877-1878.</p><br>
<p>Grapes were grown successfully on the head stations of pastoral properties in the area in the 1850s, during the first wave of European settlement, but Romavilla produced the earliest commercial wine in the Maranoa in the 1860s and was among the earliest of Queensland&#39;s commercial wine producers. At the peak of viticulture in the Roma district in the late nineteenth century there were 50 local vineyards, the majority of which had been established in the 1870s and 1880s. Most of the grapes grown were for table fruit, but a small wine-producing industry also emerged at this time. The principal vignerons in the district included SS Bassett, John Robertson (manager of Mount Abundance Station), William Tune, James Spencer, Alexandre Robinson, and the Tardent brothers (Henri, Alexis and Emile, from the late 1880s). Grape growing and wine producing remained important local industries well into the twentieth century, with Roma being described in about 1920 as being surrounded by "a magnificent fruit and wine growing district".</p><br>
<p>Bassett, born in Cornwall in 1840, arrived in Sydney in 1856 and worked on his uncle&#39;s Hunter Valley property for some years. From 1860 he managed Euthulla Station in the Maranoa for his uncle and cousin, until in 1866 he purchased from the Crown nearly 270 acres (109 hectares) of recently surveyed agricultural land just outside the town of Roma. Here he established Romavilla Vineyards, with vine cuttings brought in by bullock dray from Toowoomba. In 1869 he diversified his interests with the establishment in Roma of a general store and a depot for wines sales.</p><br>
<p>In about 1870 Bassett built a house at Romavilla and in 1871 married Isabella Cameron of Brisbane. At Romavilla they raised a large family, with three daughters and six sons surviving to adulthood.</p><br>
<p>Bassett had no formal training either in grape-growing or wine-making, and learnt largely by trial and error. By 1881 he was employing a manager to run the winery, while he (and later his sons also) travelled throughout Queensland to promote Romavilla wine. By 1888 Bassett had 55 acres under vines, from which he was producing 7,000 gallons of wine per annum, as well as table grapes for the local and Brisbane markets. The Romavilla cellar was capable of holding 30,000 gallons of wine, and Bassett usually kept 20,000 in stock.</p><br>
<p>Like many of Queenslands early wine producers, Bassetts first cellar at Romavilla was above ground. That structure no longer exists. The earliest section of the present large winery building at Romavilla was constructed in 1877-1878, reportedly of cypress and imported Oregon pine, and was extended several times in later years. It accommodated the whole process of wine making, from crushing, to fermentation in vats, to maturing in barrels, to bottling, and incorporated a large underground cellar. In late 1888 the cellar was described as being partly above and partly below ground, "built of corrugated iron in 7 feet 6 inch lengths, with a space of 18 inches filled in with battens to the wall-plate, and covered with corrugated iron". The section of the cellar that lay partly underground measured 36 feet by 40 feet; attached to the end of this was a similarly constructed cellar building, all above ground, about 50 feet by 24 feet. There was no attempt to maintain a regular cellar temperature in this structure.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s Bassett&#39;s reputation as a maker of good wines was established when Romavilla won its first prize for wine in 1886. The winery sustained a list of impressive prizes, including four first prizes out of eight at the 1900 Queensland Exhibition, nine first prizes out of ten at the 1901 Exhibition, and medals at international competitions in continental Europe. By the late 1960s, the winery had won over 650 certificates and medals in Australia and internationally.</p><br>
<p>Romavilla underwent considerable expansion during the last decade of the nineteenth century and in 1898 Samuel Bassett sent one of his sons, William Augustus, to learn wine-making from Leo Buring in South Australia.</p><br>
<p>By 1903 the property comprised 500 acres (202 hectares), mostly of light and dark sandy loam, with 170,000 vines planted. Much of this was under irrigation, with two recently erected irrigation plants on the estate. The winery building included an immense cellar, which stored up to 50,000 gallons of wine at a time. Adjacent to the cellar was a "well-equipped plant, with the latest appliances for wine-making", including cooling coils on the vats to reduced heat during fermentation. Romavilla was among the first wineries in Australia to use cooling during fermentation.</p><br>
<p>In August 1904 title to the property passed from Samuel Symons Bassett to The Romavilla Vineyards Limited (The Romavilla Vineyards Pty Limited from 1942). Following his death in late 1912, Bassett&#39;s sons expanded the enterprise into the largest wine-producing firm in Queensland. In 1916 the annual output was estimated at 31,000 gallons and the cellar holdings at 100,000 gallons. By 1923 Romavilla was supplying products to individuals and hotels (especially) all over Queensland. Romavilla fortified wines - such as port, sherry and madeira - were particularly popular and for a considerable period Romavilla distilled its own spirits for fortifying wine. By the 1930s the firm was supplying to wine saloons throughout the State; Queensland Government Railways stocked Romavilla port in its refreshment rooms; and Romavilla altar wine was popular in Catholic churches. By 1967 Romavilla Vineyards was the sole remaining commercial winery in Queensland, producing 20,000-30,000 gallons annually, until the emergence of a boutique wine-making industry in the Stanthorpe district of southern Queensland in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Following WA Bassett&#39;s death in the early 1970s the winery passed out of the Bassett family, but its historic involvement was perpetuated when the name of the enterprise was changed in 1977 to Bassetts Romavilla Winery Pty Ltd. New owners installed modern equipment within the nineteenth century structures but retained much of the earlier technology, which is now of considerable historical interest and a tourist attraction. Documentation has been preserved, including early award certificates and a letter from Prime Minister William Hughes, a former worker at Romavilla, who wrote recalling those days following a gift of wine from the vineyard.</p><br>
<p>The residence was destroyed by a severe storm in 1984.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the winery is still in operation as Queensland&#39;s oldest winery, producing a wide variety of table wines and fortitfied wines.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Approximately two kilometres north of the township of Roma in western Queensland, Romavilla Winery stands prominently to Northern Road, the main road north out of Roma travelling to the Carnarvon Gorge and beyond. The winery and vineyards are on the flood plain of Bungil Creek which runs down from the hills around Injune to the north. Bounded by Northern Road to the west, Bassett Lane to the north, a neighbouring property to the east and Edna Street and the adjacent caravan park to the south, the winery complex comprises a number of structures. Those considered to be of heritage significance are winery office, winery shed and distillery shed. A display vineyard occupies part of the front yard. A number of hoardings, including one for Bassett Romavilla Winery, stand along the front fence line.</p><br>
<h3>Driveway and display vineyard</h3><br>
<p>The winery shed is approached along a graveled driveway from the front entrance gate. A display vineyard stands to the south of the driveway adjacent to the small low-set timber-framed and clad winery office.</p><br>
<h3>Winery Office</h3><br>
<p>A small rectangular timber-framed building standing on low timber stumps and sheltered by a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron, the office building stands west of the winery shed. The projecting gable roofed entrance porch opens into a narrow room running the width of the building. Two offices with a connecting doorway open onto this space. The building is clad with chamferboards and lined with fibrous cement sheeting with batten cover strips. The narrow front room is lit by rectangular casements windows to all three sides and banks of casements windows light the offices.</p><br>
<h3>Winery shed</h3><br>
<p>The winery shed is a large, timber-framed building clad with timber and corrugated iron. Sheltered by a series of high gabled roofs supported by king post trusses, the winery building is constructed as linked buildings on three levels stepping down the gradient of a slightly sloping site. The small extension at the front of the building is used for sales and wine tasting and together with the adjacent barrel storage area is built over a cellar used for long term wine storage. The centre section accommodates racked barrels and the pressing equipment, storage vats and bottling machinery stand towards the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation is clad with corrugated metal sheeting and the former tall rectangular parapet is now truncated to follow the outer roof lines of the twin gables behind. The single storey extension running across the front of the building is sheltered by a skillion roof which is screened by a low corrugated iron parapet. The metal sheet cladding extends down into the soil that has been piled up against the front of the building. The extension accommodates two entrances, both housing pairs of ledged and braced timber doors. One opens into the front lobby, the other into the front barrel storage area. Romavilla Vineyards signage is fixed to the upper centre of the elevation, flanked by pairs of fixed timber louvred windows.</p><br>
<p>The north, east and south sides of the shed are clad with corrugated iron and a continuous band of fixed timber louvres runs along the upper north and south walls. The north side has a number of lean-to extensions - an open storage area to the west end, small lean-to enclosed sheds flanking the entrance in the rear end of the shed and a skillion roof open storage space to the east end. This wraps around to the eastern side where it terminates in an enclosed shed to the south end. A number of concrete slabs, drains and structures, including timber and corrugated iron sheds and concrete water tanks, stand south of the shed.</p><br>
<p>From the front entrance lobby, the sales office opens to the left, the tasting area to the right and the front portion of the shed is directly ahead. An unlined, high volume space with fixed timber louvres along the upper north and south walls, the front portion of the shed is wider than the other parts of the shed and has a timber floor supported by timber posts from the cellar below. It accommodates barrel storage, a small open office cubicle and the excise inspectors office. The office cubicle sits on a timber platform projecting into the middle shed area where it is supported by timber stumps. The office accommodates narrow timber benches with cupboards below, a small table and a bench seat. A number of framed certificates and awards are propped around the office. A timber framed podium clad with vertical tongue and groove boards, the elevated excise inspectors office, stands to the north and is approached by a set of timber stairs. It projects into the middle shed area and commands views across the whole shed.</p><br>
<p>The middle and rear portions of the shed have concrete floors and a number of drains run through these areas. The barrel storage area in the middle portion of the shed is organised around a grid of walkways and concrete upstands accommodating concrete plinths on which the barrels stand.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the shed accommodates a range of early and modern equipment. Early equipment including the crusher, pressing equipment, in-ground concrete blending and storage tanks are considered to be significant. Pairs of large timber doors open from this area of the shed to the east and south. Marks in the concrete floor indicate where earlier concrete fermentation tanks stood. A number of these tanks now stand inverted in the yard to the north of the shed. Drive wheels and other elements of the earlier power generation system remain to the south wall of the shed. Two small in-ground concrete blending tanks stand to the middle of this area of the shed. Each tank has a low, rounded, concrete upstand supporting concrete posts to each corner linked by hollow metal rails. A large three chamber concrete storage tank runs along the north side of the shed. The tank has deep in- ground chambers with concrete walls rising about 1.7 metres above shed floor level. The flat concrete top has a number of lidded access hatches. A cut-away portion in the side of the tank allows a view into the middle chamber. Modern equipment including stainless steel storage vats, bottling equipment and cold storage is not considered to be significant.</p><br>
<p>The cellar is dug into the ground below the front part of the shed and is accessed from the middle barrel storage area by a set of concrete stairs descending below the excise officer&#39;s podium. A narrow corrugated iron sheeted chute incorporating a timber ladder drops into the cellar on the south side of the projecting front office cubicle. Rows of rough unsawn posts support timber beams carrying the framing for the floor above. Barrels rest on timber racks standing on the part concrete, part dirt floor. Perimeter retaining walls to the north and south are timber framed and lined with corrugated iron and those to the east and west are constructed of concrete and timber. A set of timber stairs to east side climbs to the tasting area above.</p><br>
<h3>Distillery</h3><br>
<p>The distillery shed is a rectangular timber framed corrugated iron clad building sheltered by a corrugated iron clad gabled roof. To the south, a small rectangular roof sheltering the distillery apparatus projects above the main roof. Both gable ends of the shed are infilled with horizontal timber weatherboards and fixed timber louvres run around the upper parts of the walls. The timber frame is a combination of sawn studs, beams and battens and adzed and unsawn timber posts. A skillion roof projects from the south side of the building sheltering the firebox hatch.</p><br>
<p>The distillery shed accommodates a storage room over a cellar to the north and a distillery room to the south. A braced and ledged timber door in the middle of the north elevation opens into the unlined storage area which has a timber floor. Fixed timber louvers run around the upper west, north and east walls. A metal grate stands immediately inside the entrance. A door on the east side opens into the still room where from the northwest corner a set of steep timber stairs to the cellar. The cellar has timber framed walls clad with corrugated iron set into the earth surrounding it.</p><br>
<p>In the distillery room, two copper boilers - one higher than the other - are set into a stepped rectangular brick frame which houses a firebox and stands against the south wall onto the dirt floor. A brick chimney extends out of the firebox and through the roof at the southwest corner. The firebox is accessed through a metal hatch on the external south wall. The hatch bears the maker&#39;s nameplate - Harvey & Son Engineers Brisbane. Each boiler is fitted with a tall copper cylinder standing perpendicularly over it, the whole crowned by a horizontal chamber just below the ceiling. The boilers are connected by a copper inverted U-tube and a number of cocks and tubes are worked within the apparatus which is held within a timber frame. A small timber ladder provides access to the upper part. To the front of the apparatus a cock regulates tubes that connect to the cellar below, running within a timber frame in the middle of the dirt floor.</p><br>
<h3>Equipment</h3><br>
<p>Equipment associated with earlier wine making practices has been retained and is displayed for visitors. This includes basket presses in the tasting/sales area and concrete fermentation tanks in the yard.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Romavilla Winery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Romavilla Winery demonstrates a continuity of use from the 1870s and is important for its association with early attempts to establish a Queensland wine-making industry. Immigrant agriculturalists experimented with grape-growing in Queensland wherever soil and climate were considered suitable, and for many decades in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Roma area was one of the principal grape-producing districts in Queensland. Although wine production is no longer a significant industry in the Maranoa, viticulture was one of the earliest commercial agricultural activities in the Roma district and wine production one its earliest agriculture-based industries. The first commercial wine in this district was produced at Romavilla Vineyards in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a rare surviving early winery in Queensland that has retained much of its building and some early equipment, the place is important in demonstrating aspects of Queensland&#39;s manufacturing history that are no longer common.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>With further investigation the surviving early fabric, Romavilla Winery, informed by the firms early business records (held in the State Library of Queensland), has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queenslands early wine-producing industry.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Romavilla Winery is the oldest still-operating winery in Queensland, and retains much fabric important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a late nineteenth and early twentieth century winery.</p><br>
<p>Hunter&#39;s Emporium is a heritage-listed former department store at 86 McDowell Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built in 1916 by John Hill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Hunter&#39;s Emporium at Roma, constructed in 1916, is a large, purpose-designed brick department store situated at a principal intersection (the corner of McDowall and Arthur streets) in the commercial heart of the town. It was the head store and signature building in a chain of western Queensland drapery stores established by John McEwan Hunter (1863-1940), businessman and politician, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The town of Roma was established in 1862 as a supply and government administrative centre servicing the Maranoa pastoral district. The extension of the Western railway line to Roma and on to Charleville in the 1880s, linking western Queensland to the coastal ports, combined with the tapping of the vast Great Artesian Basin in the late 1880s and early 1890s, stimulated regional development. By the early 1900s Roma was a substantial town serving a wide and prosperous pastoral and agricultural district, the principal economic activities being sheep and cattle grazing, wheat growing, fruit growing, viticulture and wine making.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 JM Hunter, a young Scottish immigrant, took up the management of JP McLeish & Co.s general store and drapery at 88 McDowall Street in Roma, adjacent to the Queens Arms Hotel at the corner of McDowall and Arthur streets. In the early 1890s he acquired this business in partnership with EJ Harding, trading as Hunter and Harding drapers, grocers and general merchants. In March 1894 Hunter, in partnership with the manager of the Bank of New South Wales in Roma, Alexander Fairlie Whitehill, acquired title to both the store and the adjacent hotel. About this time the firm of Hunter and Harding became Hunter & Co., storekeepers. By 1896 a branch of Hunter & Co. had been opened at Yeulba, where the firm also operated a sawmill and planning establishment. Further branches were opened at Mitchell, Wallumbilla, Jackson, Miles and Chinchilla. By 1930, the firm had become Hunter&#39;s Ltd.</p><br>
<p>In February 1916 JM Hunter gained sole title to 86 and 88 McDowall Street. A few months later, on 11 April, a fire destroyed Hunter & Co.s store, OMalleys tailor shop and the Queens Arms Hotel. The fire had started in the rear of Hunter and Co.&#39;s store and the entire building and contents (the latter estimated at £12,000) were destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Hunter rebuilt the general store (1916) and the hotel (1917) as substantial brick structures, but transposed their location, with Hunter & Co.s new emporium now situated prominently at the corner of McDowall and Arthur streets, and the Queens Arms Hotel adjacent at 88 McDowall Street.</p><br>
<p>Roma prospered during the first three decades of the twentieth century, despite the impact of World War I (1914-1918), and many of its buildings were reconstructed in brick at this period. Work on erecting Hunter&#39;s new emporium commenced in the first week of August 1916 and was completed in late December that year. It was an imposing, two-storeyed brick building, designed and built by local contractor John Hill. The ground floors of both street facades had awnings supported on timber posts, and the McDowall Street elevation featured three island display windows. At the rear of the main structure a single-storeyed rectangular brick building, lit and ventilated by a large roof lantern, accommodated a large show-room and offices, which were accessed from the back of the main shop. A strong room, office and underground cold storage were provided.</p><br>
<p>Local labour and materials were used wherever possible, and the timber fittings, including shelving and pigeon holes, showcases and glass-topped counters, were crafted by Roma cabinet maker and furniture manufacturer John Crawford. The new emporium had electric light, a cash railway and everything needed to make it "a thoroughly modern place of business equal to the largest metropolitan establishments".</p><br>
<p>The ground floor accommodated the drapery, grocery and ironmongery departments, while the furniture department and bulk store were located on the first floor. Every need of customers from the surrounding district was anticipated, the opening sale advertising "General Drapery, Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Linos, Carpets, Furnishings, Grocery, Crockery, Ironmongery and Produce". As the local press noted, the high capital outlay needed for such an extensive enterprise reflected the proprietors&#39; "unbounded faith in the prospects of the district".</p><br>
<p>JM Hunter was a prominent businessman in the Maranoa district and was actively involved in the public life of his community and in Queensland politics. He served as an Alderman on the Roma Town Council in 1898 and 1899 and as Mayor of Roma in 1900. He was instrumental in establishing the Roma Co-operative Milling Co. Ltd, which in 1900 constructed the Roma Co-operative Flour Mill and produced Excelsior brand flour until acquired by the Dominion Flour Milling Co. in 1914. He was a President of the Western Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Association, which held its annual show at Roma. He was closely associated with the formation of the Queensland Traders&#39; Association, a leading wholesale trading co-operative with headquarters in Brisbane, of which he was chairman from its inception.</p><br>
<p>In May 1907 JM Hunter was elected Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Maranoa, retaining this seat until 22 October 1919. Affiliated with the Australian Labor Party, he held the position of Secretary for Public Lands in the T. J. Ryan government from 1 June 1915 to 30 April 1918, and then as Minister without office until his appointment in October 1919 as the Queensland Agent-General in London, serving in this position until 1922.</p><br>
<p>JM Hunter had married Ellen Guthrie Moffat in 1890, They had one daughter, Helen Roma Jean, born in 1897. In 1927 Roma Hunter married Vincent Lancelot Victor Bressow in Brisbane. After her fathers death in 1940 she and her husband took control of Hunters Ltd, which remained one of western Queensland&#39;s principal retail firms well into the second half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>When the Warrego Highway was sealed in the 1950s the smaller branches (Wallumbilla, Yeulba, Jackson and Chinchilla) became unviable, and were either sold or closed. The Roma store was sold in 1977 to the Anderson family trading as Ace Drapers; the Miles branch was sold in 1984; and the Mitchell branch, managed by Bill McMullen for nearly 30 years, in 2004.</p><br>
<p>In early 2008 Ace Drapers closed the former Hunter&#39;s Emporium at 86 McDowall Street, Roma.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Hunter&#39;s Emporium comprises a two-storeyed brick building with facades to McDowall and Arthur streets, and an attached single-storeyed brick building, fronting Arthur Street, at the rear. A painted and rendered parapet embellished with moulded scrollwork and crowned with ball finials screens two side skillion roofs and a central hipped roof which shelter the two-storey building.</p><br>
<p>The external walls to McDowall and Arthur streets are of red face-brick worked with darker bands of brick which also form the decorative quoining defining the door and window openings. These bands and decorative surrounds are painted white on parts of the Arthur Street elevation. A cantilevered awning surmounted by a row of glass louvres runs along McDowall Street and extends around the corner into Arthur Street. The form of the three street-level island display windows in the McDowall Street elevation remains, but the glazing is not original. The street-level shop windows along Arthur Street are modern.</p><br>
<p>A narrow timber awning supported by decorative timber brackets shades the first floor windows to each street elevation. The soffits are lined with decorative pressed metal.</p><br>
<p>The small rectangular building at the rear (former office and show room), is entered from the back of the shop. It has a hipped roof surmounted by a large roof lantern. The rear loading platform is enclosed with corrugated galvanized iron. The loading area is accessed from the narrow rear service lane.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the ground floor of the store retains fluted timber columns with corbels supporting the beams running the length of the space. The ceiling is lined with decorative pressed metal and the walls are finished in painted plaster.</p><br>
<p>The main staircase to the upper floor is accommodated in the south-east corner and is fitted with square-moulded balusters with a moulded oak handrail. A plainer staircase occupies the south-west corner.</p><br>
<p>The purpose-designed silky oak showcases, other purpose-made shop joinery, and the cash railway system, have been removed from the ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Hunter&#39;s Emporium was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Hunter&#39;s Emporium, a two-storeyed brick department store constructed in 1916 for Roma businessman and MLA for Maranoa, John McEwan Hunter, is important in demonstrating the consolidation of Roma as a major regional centre during the first three decades of the twentieth century, when many of the principal buildings in the town were being rebuilt in brick, and provides evidence of the quality of design and manufacturing skills available in Roma at this period.</p><br>
<p>As the headquarters and signature building for a chain of western Queensland drapery and general stores established by Hunter and Co. (later Hunter&#39;s Ltd) in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the building is important in illustrating the provision and expansion of general retailing in regional Queensland, in particular reflecting the growth of western Queensland at this period.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place remains substantially intact and is significant as a rare surviving, early twentieth century masonry department store in a Queensland regional centre, one of a small group of similar establishments which includes: the former Daking-Smith & Co. Department Store (, Pollards Store) in Charters Towers; the former Bolands Department Store (1912 with 1930s extensions, Bolands Centre) in Cairns; and the former Piggots Department Store (1909-10 with later additions, Pigotts Building) in Toowoomba.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In its size and intactness the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a large regional department store of the early twentieth century, designed to impress. These characteristics include: the prominent location at the corner of two main streets in the heart of a principal regional centre; the substantial nature of the two-storeyed, brick structure; the decorative parapet and other detailing to the street elevations; the extensive use of pressed metal throughout the public areas of the store; the provision of natural lighting via the fenestration in the main elevations and a roof lantern to the rear store; and the store and loading dock facility at the rear of the premises.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Prominently situated on a corner allotment in the principal street of Roma&#39;s central business district, the building is significant for the contribution of its form, scale and detail to the historical character of this area and to the Roma townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Hunters Emporium has a special association with the life and work of John McEwan Hunter, a self-made and successful Roma businessman, local and state politician, and former Agent-General for Queensland. From the mid-1890s Hunter & Co. (later Hunters Ltd) developed a chain of general and drapery stores in south-west Queensland. The substantial edifice that JM Hunter erected in Roma in 1916 as Hunter&#39;s Emporium was the head office and signature building of this chain.</p><br>
<p>Old Stone Row is a collection of three stone buildings flanking the original campus green of Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. Painter Hall, built 1812-16, is the oldest surviving collegiate academic building in the state, with Old Chapel  and Starr Hall  as stylistic accompaniments, all based on vernacular mill construction styles of the period. The buildings and green were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Old Stone Row is situated on the east side of the Middlebury College campus, and consists of three buildings standing atop a low ridge on the east side of Old Chapel Road, a north-south road that forms part of the campus circulation pattern. The campus&#39;s modern main quadrangle lies just to the west, while the buildings are actually oriented facing east, across, facing the original campus green and the village center of Middlebury. The three buildings are all stone structures, built of locally quarried limestone laid in irregular courses. Architecturally, their massing is somewhat typical of mill buildings of the period, although the Old Chapel, at the center of the group, is distinguished by a prominent three-stage belltower, and the orientation of its long axis (and main roofline) perpendicular to the others.</p><br>
<p>Painter Hall, the northernmost of the buildings, was constructed in 1812-16 as part of a building campaign organized in part due to competition with the University of Vermont at Burlington, which had built a substantial brick edifice in 1807. It was built and used mainly as a dormitory, although it has seen other uses in its history. Its design, virtually devoid of ornamentation, is reminiscent of a stone mill (no longer standing) built in Middlebury in 1811. Old Chapel was built in 1834-36, originally providing a chapel and instructional spaces, as well as a prominent visual focus for the campus. Starr Hall, south of the chapel, followed in the 1860s, built as the result of increased enrollment in the late 1850s. Its design is a clear reference to Painter Hall, although it is architecturally distinguished by projecting gabled bays with the entrances at their bases.</p><br>
<p>The Fairlee Railroad Depot is a historic railroad station at 320 United States Route 5 in the village center of Fairlee, Vermont. Built in 1848 and used in active service until 1972, it is one of the few surviving first-generation railroad station buildings in the state. Now used as a retail space, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Fairlee Railroad Depot stands on the south side of US 5, adjacent to the now-disused railroad tracks that run between US 5 and the Connecticut River. It is accessed by a gravel drive in the shape of a broad U, with parking in front. It is a single-story rectangular wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The street-facing facade has an irregular plan, with a number of doors and windows of differing sizes, reflecting a variety of historic functions. The building originally housed a lobby and passenger waiting area, occupying about one-third of its space, with the remainder used as a freight storage area.</p><br>
<p>The stations was probably built in 1848 by the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, chartered in 1843 to provide railroad service along the Connecticut River north of White River Junction. The stations precise construction date is not known due to a lack of documentation; the assessment of its age is based on architectural analysis. About 1870, the freight area was enlarged by construction of an addition, and the buildings lobby and office area was remodeled around the turn of the 20th century. It is also like that a bay window bumping out on the track side from the agent&#39;s office was added around the same time. Operation of the rail line was taken over by the Boston and Main Railroad in 1870, and it remained in service until 1972.</p><br>
<p>Burias Pass is the strait that separates Burias Island from the Bicol Peninsula in the Philippines. It connects the Ragay Gulf in the north with the Ticao Pass and Samar Sea in the south. It is considered a very important biodiversity area of the country.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Ticao Pass, the waters of the Burias Pass are proposed to become a Marine Protected Area. The pass has plankton-rich waters and constant current, and is home to a large marine diversity. Species found there include whale sharks, thresher sharks, hammerhead sharks, tiger sharks, manta rays, dugong, various species of sea turtles, coral reefs, and the globally rare megamouth shark, but the pass also suffers from massive overfishing and poaching, as well as destructive blast fishing.</p><br>
<p>The Royalton Mill Complex is a three-building residential site in what is now a rural setting of Royalton, Vermont. The two houses and barn are historically associated with a mill, whose breached dams and remnant foundations lie just to the north. One of the houses, built about 1780, is believed to be Royalton&#39;s oldest surviving building. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Royalton Mill Complex lies along the eastern bank of the First Branch White River, about 0.5 mi north of the village of South Royalton. It is set near a broad bend in the river, and is bounded on the east by Mill Road (Town Road 12). Set nearest the road is a 2-1/2 story wood frame duplex, which was built about 1840 as mill worker housing. West of this is a modest single-story Cape style house, with a five-bay facade and central chimney. This house was built in 1780-81, and probably includes lumber salvaged from mill and residential structures destroyed during the 1780 Royalton raid. South of the house stands a c. 1880 barn, built as part of the mill complex for storage. To the north of the house lie the remnants of the last mill buildings to stand on the site, with now-breached dams spanning the river.</p><br>
<p>This site on the First Branch White River was first developed industrially about 1776, probably by Isaac Morgan. Morgan rebuilt the mill and house after the 1780 raid, and the site had 190 years of industrial history. In the 19th century, the site included a sawmill, gristmill, fulling mill, nailery, and furniture factory. The surviving millhouse is one of only two 18th-century Cape houses in the town with an intact central chimney, and is believed to be the town&#39;s oldest building.</p><br>
<p>The River Yarty is a river in east Devon, England, near the boundary with Somerset and Dorset.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river is about 26 km long. The source is in Staple Hill in the Blackdown Hills. It flows on a roughly southern course through Bishopswood, briefly forming the boundary between Devon and Somerset, then between Devon and Dorset following a tripoint of all three counties, through Marsh. It continues to form a river valley for much of the rest of its course, passing between Yarcombe, Stockland, Dalwood and Membury until it meets the River Axe just southwest of Axminster, which continues to the English Channel.</p><br>
<p>The A303, a major road across southern England, runs across the Yarty on a high viaduct at Marsh. Further south, the A30 crosses the river east of Yarcombe, slightly west of the Devon – Dorset border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name is of an uncertain origin but is believed to be derived from Old English. The villages of Yarcombe and Yartyford are both named after the river.</p><br>
<p>The upper area forms one of several bisections of the otherwise hilly area around the Blackdown Hills. As the river is based in a relatively deep valley, it is prone to flooding. There have been numerous formally recorded reports of property damage near the Yarty since the 1960s. The land across the flood plain of the Yarty is boggy and difficult to cross. In the late spring of 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion, this caused problems when Lord Albermarle&#39;s army were unable to defend the advancing Duke of Monmouth northwards from Lyme Regis towards Sedgemoor.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Square Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Jefferson, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. The district covers the original central business district. The commercial buildings are from one- to three-stories in height, and Late Victorian architectural styles dominate.</p><br>
<p>The period of significance dates from 1873, with the construction of the oldest recognizable surviving building, to 1966, with the</p><br>
<p>completion of the Mahanay Memorial Carillon Tower. The tower dominates not only the district, but Jefferson as well. Planning for the tower began before World War II. The Modern Movement, limestone sheathed, structure stands on the southwest corner of the courthouse square, and rises 168 ft to an enclosed viewing platform and open-air 14-bell carillon. The Greene County Courthouse (1917), a statue of Abraham Lincoln (1918), and a Lincoln Highway Marker (1928) are all on the square and are individually listed on the National Register. All four structures are also along the old Lincoln Highway, which passed along the south side of the square beginning in 1913. That was during a period of peak economic growth for the community (1912-1917) and the buildings along the square were substantially completed at that time.</p><br>
<p>Holy Rosary–Danish Church Historic District, also known as Fletcher Place II, is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district encompasses 183 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section located in the central business district of Indianapolis. It was developed between about 1875 and 1930, and include representative examples of Italianate, Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival, and Renaissance Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Horace Mann Public School No. 13. Other notable buildings include the John Kring House , Trinity Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church , John Wands House , Henry Homburg House , Samuel Keely House , Maria Wuensch Cottage , and Holy Rosary Catholic Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Shortridge–Meridian Street Apartments Historic District is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district encompasses 136 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Indianapolis. It was developed between about 1900 and 1951, and includes representative examples of Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Late Gothic Revival, Mission Revival, Renaissance Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Shortridge High School. Other notable buildings include the Vernon Court Apartments , Fronenac Apartments , Biltmore Apartments , Meridian Apartments , New Yorker Apartments , Howland Manor , Powell-Evans House , Harms House , Dorchester Apartments , and Martin Manor Apartments .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Emerson Heights Historic District, also known as Emerson Heights Addition and Chas. M. Cross Trust Clifford Avenue Addition, is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district encompasses 1,000 contributing buildings and 9 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Indianapolis. They include 659 houses, 334 garages, 7 commercial buildings, and 9 objects. It was developed between about 1910 and 1940, and includes representative examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. The houses are characteristically of frame construction with brick front porches, with some brick dwellings.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Kimballton Commercial District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Kimballton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The district covers parts of four blocks of the central business district. The commercial buildings are mostly masonry structures constructed with locally produced bricks and concrete blocks. Eleven of the buildings are frame construction. The buildings are from one- to two-stories in height, and Late Victorian architectural styles dominate. Because of the hilly terrain, buildings on one side of Main Street have exposed basements, while those on the other side of street are built into the side of a hill. The Bennedsen, Boldt, and Hansen Building is individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Danish immigrants were central to settling the town. Decorative elements that call attention to the Danish presence include scalloped concrete cornice moldings on three of the buildings, and a swastika that decorated a bank building at one time. The arrival of the Atlantic Northern Railroad in 1908 lead to brief period of economic expansion in the town that culminated in a peak in commercial building construction in 1918. An agricultural depression in the 1920s and decline in rail usage for transporting goods to and from the area led to a general decline in the town. For the most part the older buildings were maintained rather than new construction. The town hall, however, was built in 1942 by the Works Progress Administration to replace the opera house, which had been torn down.</p><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex is a heritage-listed former state school and now government offices at 42 Bungil Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built in 1937. It was also known as Roma State School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 September 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex is a three storey rendered brick building, influenced by Inter War Mediterranean style, facing Bungil Street. It was constructed in 1937 as the main building of Roma State School, providing primary education to children of Roma and district.</p><br>
<p>Roma was the principal town of the Mount Abundance district, which was established as a pastoral and agricultural region after exploration by Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales in 1846. It was originally settled by squatters, who established it as primarily a sheep grazing area. The township of Roma was proclaimed in September 1862, the first town formed in Queensland after its separation from New South Wales in 1859. Roma was named after Lady Diamantina Bowen (née di Roma), wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. She was the daughter of a Governor of the Ionian Islands and her maiden name was Countess Diamantina Georgina di Roma. Surveyor McDowall laid out the town reserving a section for public buildings bounded by Bungil, Charles, McDowall and Gregory streets. The first land sales were held in September 1863. The town of Roma was declared a municipality in 1867. Roma flourished with the advent of the Western railway line in the 1880s, ensuring the efficient transportation of stock and produce to the coastal ports. The vast Great Artesian Basin was tapped in Queensland in the late 1880s and early 1890s, securing an alternative water supply for cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 Roma State School, comprising simple timber school building and teachers residence, opened with an enrolment of 133 pupils. The Reserve for a National School, a two-acre site bounded by Bungil, Wyndham and Arthur Streets and two residential allotments, was proclaimed in 1871. A second school building, facing Wyndham Street, was constructed in 1899, allowing the separation of male and female instruction. This school building was enlarged through addition and verandah enclosure, thereby creating a series of new classrooms. In 1912 a verandah was enclosed to create space for a high school, with a separate site established and opened on 2 August 1920. In 1939 the original school building was sold to the RSL and relocated to Queen Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the Health Inspector Chas Clark, began to agitate for a new school building. He referred to the existing building environment as problematic in respect to the physical and educational development of the children. The Roma School Committee pressed for a new building, alluding to the established use of the Unemployment Relief Scheme for the construction of school buildings and departmental preference for provision of buildings for coastal urban centres. The plans were prepared by Maurice Guthrie, of the Architectural Branch of the Department of Public Works, in January 1935, however it took the School Committee a further two years to obtain an undertaking from the government on the construction of a new building. Brick was used as it was thought to be more substantial and cost effective, but perhaps more importantly, it provided employment for greater numbers of tradesmen, during the years of economic depression.</p><br>
<p>The building was occupied in July 1938 and officially opened on 25 February 1939, providing accommodation for 432 children. It comprised eleven classrooms; a head teacher, male and female teachers rooms; cloakrooms and play area facilities underneath at the basement level. Conforming to sectional design, covered verandahs were incorporated on both the ground and first floor, along all but the southern side of the building. Ten of the classrooms, five on each floor, were interconnected by the use of sliding partitions. A stage was created by the incorporation of a raised floor beneath the western class room on the ground floor, providing multi functional use of class room space. The design was comparable to other brick school buildings built during this period of economic depression and reflects educational methodology of the time.</p><br>
<p>A combination of inadequate size of the site for outdoor facilities, burgeoning attendance and movement to open plan teaching methods in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw major changes to Roma State School. The addition of a new library behind the main school building, in 1972, prevented the early suggested relocation of the school. However, in 1974, the school was divided into Roma Infants School for years 1-3, on a separate site in Quinton Street, and Roma Junior School for years 4-7, at the Bungil Street site. In 1986 the Education Department piloted a new prototype of school in the Roma Middle School incorporating grades 4-10 on the one larger 14 acre site at Cottel Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Bungil Street school buildings were remodelled as Roma Government Complex accommodating the regional offices of the Education Department, Water Resources, Boating and Fishing and Forestry. In 1997, the reserve was subdivided into three lots with buildings on the front section. The rear section of the land, comprising two lots, was sold to the Bungil Shire Council and the Uniting Church in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex (former Roma State School) is located on a rectangular block bounded by Wyndham, Bungil and Arthur Streets and two vacant allotments. It is a substantial stuccoed brickwork building, influenced by Interwar Mediterranean style. It faces north toward Bungil Street and is aligned with that street.</p><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex is a three storeyed building with a centrally located main entrance in a range that breaks forward one bay. The main entrance door is recessed into an arched opening, enriched with an archivolt and keystone, and flanked by two wrought iron bracketed lanterns. The contrasting colour of the basement level accentuates openings and entrance features on the ground and first floor. The split symmetrical stairwell finished with an open porch at main entrance level has simple wrought iron balastrading. A large square opening provides the central entrance to the basement level and is located beneath the entrance porch. It has archivolt and keystone patterns to match the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>All three storeys have simple openings along the verandahs, facing the street. The ground floor, carries semi circular arches in contrast to the squared openings on the basement and first floor levels. Stair halls at each end of the building maximise the size of the major elevation to Bungil Street. On the basement level, symmetrical projecting door cases crowned with plain shields provide entrance to the stair halls.</p><br>
<p>The roof, clad with asbestos cement tiles, is pitched and hipped except for the central range which terminates in a gable/pediment at both south and north elevations. The front gable is marked ROMA STATE SCHOOL with the date of construction, 1937, in the gable of the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building has relatively understated decorative features and fenestration patterns The main entrance is flanked by two grouped banks of casement windows crowned with a semi circular fanlight window. The light gently textured surface contrasts with the dark coloured timber windows located in the central range, the stair halls and the southern elevation. At the rear of the building eleven banks of four casements with fanlights are symmetrically placed on the ground and first floor. Identical grouped casement windows are located on the east and western face of the building.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs are floored with polished concrete and double hung sash windows line this space. Each floor has three entrance doors to the office spaces. The offices are open plan, with fluorescent lights and a centrally located air conditioning duct. At the western end of the ground floor office area, are two offices which these located on a raised platform, separating them from the main office area.</p><br>
<p>Bottle trees with small cairns and plaques, part of the Roma Avenue of Heroes, are located on the Bungil and Wyndham Streets footpaths. The front lawn area has six mature palm trees which are sympathetic with the architectural style of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 September 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Roma Government Complex, formerly Roma State School, is significant as a substantial stuccoed brick building that reflects regional prosperity of Roma as a pastoral service town. The impressive form of the Roma Government Complex is indicative of the relevant importance of Roma in relation to other towns in south western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Government Complex is an excellent regional example of a late Interwar school building, built as a part of the state government&#39;s depression initiatives under the Unemployment Relief Scheme. It is a good example of Queensland Public Works school building design and as such demonstrates the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural place.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The influence of Interwar Mediterranean style architecture and detailing creates an important aesthetic landmark in the town of Roma.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As the former Roma State School, the building has a significant association with almost 50 years of primary school education for the Roma community since 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Kimballton West 2nd – West 3rd Street Residential District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Kimballton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The district mostly contains houses and outbuildings associated with the dwellings. They are all frame construction with locally produced brick, clay tile block, or concrete block foundations. Most of the lots are large the house size is a matter of taste or preference. For the most part the houses are 1½-stories, but there are also single-story and two-story structures. Residential architectural styles in the district include Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and American Craftsman. There are no high style examples in the district. The frame, Gothic Revival, Immanuel Lutheran Church  is located on Second Street, and is individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Kimballton&#39;s growth was first spurred by a division in the Danish Lutheran Church in the United States. A Grundtvigian congregation was established in town and that drew people here. The residential area that is the subject of this historic district was platted after the Atlantic Northern Railroad came to town in 1907. The town itself was incorporated the following year. The first house was built in the district in 1895, but it has subsequently been torn down. The oldest extant house dates from 1907, and a total of 27 dwellings (77%) were built in the economic boom years after the railroad arrived (1907-1918). Five houses were built in the 1920s for Danish immigrants who retired here from their farms, and another house was moved in for a retiree. That trend continued after 1940 as well.</p><br>
<p>Hibernian Hall is a heritage-listed community hall at 38-44 Hawthorne Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Cavanagh & Cavanagh and built from 1931 to 1932 by George Power Williams. It is also known as HACBS Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall in Roma is a large, timber-framed hall-cum-picture theatre erected in 1932 for the Roma branch of the Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society. It was designed by Perth and Brisbane architects Cavanagh & Cavanagh.</p><br>
<p>Roma was the principal town of the Mount Abundance district, which was developed as a pastoral and agricultural region following exploration by Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales in 1846. The township of Roma was proclaimed in September 1862, one of the earliest towns established in Queensland after separation from New South Wales in 1859, and was surveyed in 1863. It was named after Lady Bowen (the Countess Diamantina Georgina di Roma), daughter of a Governor of the Ionian Islands, and wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. The town of Roma was declared a municipality in 1867 and grew slowly as a pastoral service centre and government administrative centre until the opening of the Western railway line in the 1880s, connecting the Maranoa to the coastal ports, after which the town flourished. In addition, the vast Great Artesian Basin was tapped in the late 1880s and early 1890s, securing an alternative water supply for cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of Roma&#39;s population in the 1880s, a branch of the Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society was established in the town in April 1886. At its peak, the society attracted nearly 180 members. "Hibernian" is defined as of or belonging to Ireland, or Irish. From the 1860s Irish immigration to Queensland was encouraged by the Catholic Church in Queensland. Thousands of Catholic Irish working class emigrants were attracted to the colony, and although they settled widely, they tended to form enclaves within towns and districts, defined by their religion and their societies. Hibernian Associations flourished in late 19th/early 20th century Queensland, strongly supported by the Catholic Church, and attracted widespread Irish Catholic membership. They could be considered the voluntary social welfare extension of official Catholicism.</p><br>
<p>Benefit societies were popular in 19th century Australia, where self-help was the dominant philosophy and liberalism a principal ideology, and where colonial governments made little provision for public welfare benefits. Modelled on similar mutual benefit societies established in Britain, the Australian societies provided contributing members with access to financial assistance such as sickness benefits, life insurance, provision of funeral costs, and benefits to members&#39; widows and families. Some societies lent money to their members to finance home construction. Benefit societies also operated as social clubs, organising events such as dances and sports days which played an important role in the social life of the community, particularly in country districts. Roma Hibernians organised sports days, campdrafts and rodeos until 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Roma HACBS acquired the site of the present hall late in 1899, and erected their first hall on this property in 1900. Later an open-air cinema was established beside the Hibernian Hall, on the south side, which was the venue for the first moving picture show exhibited at Roma.</p><br>
<p>This first hall was enlarged in the mid-1920s, to plans prepared by popular Perth and Brisbane architects Cavanagh & Cavanagh, who had designed a number of churches, convents, schools and presbyteries for the Catholic Church in Queensland. The extensions had been completed by May 1926, at which time the hall was described as a two-storeyed timber building with a gallery; it could seat 750, and could be used for a variety of public entertainments. This building was destroyed by fire on 22 July 1931, but almost immediately the HACBS commissioned Cavanagh & Cavanagh to prepare plans for a replacement hall-cum-picture theatre (the present building) by GP Williams. The architects called tenders in October–November 1931, with the contract let to Roma contractor GP Williams. The building was erected at a cost of £3,120, and was officially opened on 28 June 1932.</p><br>
<p>The double-storeyed facade of the new Hibernian Hall, with its stepped parapet and curved pediment, oriel window to the projection room above an ungated opening to the foyer and ticket-box, read more as a picture theatre than a community hall. The building demonstrated many of the principal elements of "tropical" picture theatre design of this era, including: panels of open timber lattice high along each side wall, just under the roofline and sheltered by the eaves, for cross-ventilation purposes; a row of large bi-fold doors along each side of the hall which could be opened in hot weather, those on the southern side opening to a covered promenade along the side of the building; pressed metal and fretwork panels in the auditorium ceiling, accommodating ventilation and acoustic requirements with decorative effect; a decorative pressed metal proscenium arch; a stage area which could accommodate live performance as well as film screenings; and the projection booth (or bio-box) located above the foyer and ticket box. Elements more characteristic of a hall than a picture theatre were the flat, sprung timber floor, the lack of a dress circle, the inclusion of a supper room beneath the stage, and the lack of a theatre cafe.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall screened films in competition with Roma&#39;s newly completed, 800 seat Capitol Theatre, likely designed by Brisbane cinema architect CE Humphreys. The Capitol, operated by RA Crawford, was erected and functioned as a cinema until destroyed by fire in 1989. That the town of Roma could support two picture theatres in the 1930s illustrates the popularity of film as family entertainment prior to the introduction of television.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall functioned as much more than a picture theatre. The scale and facilities of the new building guaranteed its popularity as the premier venue for community and social events in Roma, including balls, dances, fetes, choral and school concerts, protest meetings, farewell functions, election meetings, political speeches, religious festivals, art shows, and touring entertainment (everything from ballet, opera and theatre to vaudeville and pantomime). The Hibernian Hall also served as a temporary venue for services when the new Catholic Church was being built, and as the venue for sittings of the Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>The hall was acquired by the Roma Town Council in 1976 and continues to be used for community and social activities, including regular roller-skating. It no longer functions as a picture theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall is a large, predominantly timber framed building, rectangular in form, roofed in short-length corrugated iron sheeting. It has an entrance area with a bio-box over a large auditorium and a stage area. There are later skillion-roofed extensions to the rear (east) end and a large shed structure attached via a covered walkway to the south-east corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>The front (west) elevation comprises a two-storeyed decorative gable structure with asymmetric single-storeyed wing walls to the side. The ground floor and wing walls are of rendered masonry construction, while the first storey decorative gable is formed in pressed metal sheeting over timber. The ground floor has a centrally placed open entrance, over which is a cantilevered awning with pressed metal detailing. There are two symmetrically placed windows with decorative architraves. The window on the south side is a 6:9 pane timber vertical sliding sash, the window on the north side is a 6:1 pane timber vertical sliding sash. The side wing walls are terminated by a pilaster with a decorative cap. The north wall which has a pair of vertical timber doors, acts purely as a screen wall with no building behind. The south wall has a 6:4 pane timber vertical sliding sash window and a timber door giving access to a store room.</p><br>
<p>The first storey facade, set between 2 pilasters with decorative caps, is based on the Dutch gable style. There is a centrally placed oriel window with a pressed metal base and corrugated iron hipped roof. The side lights are single 4:1 pane timber vertical sliding sashes and the front light is a pair of 6:1 pane timber vertical sliding sashes. There is a single 4:1 pane vertical sliding sash window placed symmetrically either side of the oriel. These windows have a hood supported on decorative brackets. Above the oriel there are the initials "H.A.C.B.S." in raised lettering inside a curved boarder. There is a single shamrock on the face of the pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations are of a similar design, with the south side having a single-storeyed skillion-roofed awning over a promenade or verandah. The walls comprise 9 bays, which reflect the internal layout of the building, with the bay at the western end for the 2 storey entrance/store/bio-box area, 7 bays to the auditorium, and 1 bay at the eastern end for the stage area. The walls are constructed of timber framing. There are 7 external concrete buttresses along each wall, between which there are 5 pairs of timber bi-fold doors with skylight over. On either side, beneath the roof line, there are 7 high level panels of later metal vertical louvres providing cross-ventilation to the auditorium, with remnant panels of timber lattice above, which have been sheeted from the inside of the auditorium. Above the doors on the north side there is horizontal boarding (chamfers). On the south side, beneath the verandah awning, there is exposed stud framing above the doors. The verandah has a store at the western end, is open for the length of the auditorium and has toilets at the eastern end. The walls to the stage area are clad in horizontal boarding. The rear (eastern) elevation is of timber framing clad in vertical sheets of corrugated iron. There are 2 windows at the northern end of this rear wall, one to the rear of the stage and another to a supper room located beneath the stage. There is also a fire-escape door to the sub-floor supper room. There is a modern lean-to extension at the southern end of the rear wall, clad in vertical metal sheeting, containing changing rooms.</p><br>
<p>Internally, inside the entrance there is a centrally placed 3-sided ticket booth. To the south side is a store room, and to the north a staircase to the first floor bio-box. The auditorium is accessed through 2 pairs of bi-fold doors either side of the ticket booth. There are also 3 single doors in the western wall providing access to the ticket box, a store room and the staircase. The bio-box window has been in-filled.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium has a seven bay canted ceiling comprising alternative bays of decorative pressed metal and open timber lattice. The floor is timber and level, suitable for dancing. The walls are of vertical timber with a dado rail running around. At the northern end is a raised stage area which projects into the auditorium. The proscenium arch is formed from decorative pressed metal sheeting. There are doors either side of the stage. The door at the south side is blocked by a single flight of metal stairs. The rear stage area has open stud timber framed walls and an exposed roof framing. There is no fly tower, but the roof over the stage is probably of sufficient height to accommodate some raised scenery. There is a supper room beneath the stage area.</p><br>
<p>The southern verandah opens onto a large courtyard, the site of the former open-air cinema, which is used now as a basketball court. At the rear of the courtyard is a substantial canteen and shelter shed, clad in vertical metal sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hibernian Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall, 38-44 Hawthorne Street, Roma is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, the scale of the hall illustrating the importance of Roma as a regional and recreational centre for the surrounding pastoral and agricultural district, and the importance of community groups in maintaining the social fabric of rural communities in the first half of the 20th century. The place has a strong association with the work of the Roma branch of the Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society from the turn of the 20th century through to the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall remains highly intact, and is an excellent example of a large, purpose-designed hall-cum-picture theatre of the interwar period. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the "picture theatre" facade; the projection booth above the foyer and ticket-box; the large auditorium with its use of decorative pressed metal and timber lattice in the ceiling; the use of timber lattice panelling high in the side walls for cross-ventilation purposes; the stage which could accommodate both live-performance and film screenings; the large, sprung timber dance floor opening onto an external verandah promenade; and the inclusion of a supper room.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value, engendered by the two-storeyed, shaped-pediment facade with its pressed metal finish and oriel window above a central foyer opening and awning; and by the interior detailing, including the use of pressed metal and timber latticing. The Hibernian Hall is a substantial structure with a decorative front facade designed to impress, is prominently located on a major street, and in form, materials, scale and design, makes a strong contribution to the townscape of Roma.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has social value, being the venue for a diversity of community, social and recreational events over many decades.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with the work of the Roma branch of the Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society from the turn of the 20th century through to the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Bennedsen, Boldt, and Hansen Building, also known as the General Store Museum, is a historic building located in Kimballton, Iowa, United States. Its significance is derived from its association with Danish immigrant craftsmen utilizing local produced materials by other Danish immigrants. The single-story brick structure was the work of Niels Bennedsen , Hans P. Boldt , and Hans P. Hansen . Each owned a ⅓ interest in the property. Although all three were involved in the construction trade it is only known that Bennedsen worked on the building. It is possible that Hansen did the carpentry work and Boldt, who also owned the local lumber yard, supplied the lumber and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The three continued to own the building until 1945 when Bennedsen acquired the ownership for himself before he subsequently sold it. The building had two storefronts with a shared entrance. The north storefront was occupied by J.E. Twenstrups barbershop and bathhouse from 1913 to 1947. The south storefront was occupied by Walter Madsens tailor shop. Other business located here over the years have included a feed store, temporary post office,</p><br>
<p>grocery store, and laundromat. It has housed a local history museum since 1984. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abundance Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead on the Warrego Highway, Bungeworgorai near Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1923. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single storeyed timber homestead was built for Stephen Spencer, a squatter from New South Wales who arrived in Queensland in 1857.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Abundance run was taken up in 1847 by Allan MacPherson, a young squatter from New South Wales. MacPherson had come to Queensland seeking new pastures, and had followed the route of Sir Thomas Mitchell into the Mount Abundance area. Mitchell had named Mount Abundance in 1846 during his expedition to find a route from New South Wales to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Following constant conflicts with local Aboriginies, MacPherson decided Mount Abundance was a dangerous place and in late 1849, MacPherson withdrew his sheep from Mount Abundance, leaving it as a cattle station, and returned to England. In 1856 MacPherson briefly visited Australia at which time he disposed of his pastoral interests, including the sale of Mount Abundance to Stephen Spencer.</p><br>
<p>Spencer and his family are considered to have been the first European family to settle in the area. It is recorded that when they arrived at the station, it was found to be run down, and the buildings damaged by fire. Rough huts provided temporary quarters until Spencer built a new homestead, and Mount Abundance station is described as the focal point for the district during this period. Spencer ran a supply store, and the station formed a depot for European explorers heading into the western districts. A post office was opened at the homestead in September 1861. Augustus Charles Gregory arrived at Mount Abundance in 1862, and selected a locality for the township which become known as Roma, proclaimed in September that year. The post office at Mount Abundance homestead closed at the end of 1863 when the Roma post office opened.</p><br>
<p>A stone causeway over Bungeworgorai Creek is believed to be contemporary with the development of Mount Abundance; however little is known about the stonework.</p><br>
<p>The Spencers are recorded as being interested in agriculture and horticulture, growing the first wheat in the district, and experimenting with grape vines, fig, peach and apricot trees.</p><br>
<p>By late 1868, Spencer was heavily in debt and in 1869 the Government auctioned the freehold of 175 acres of land on which the Homestead and other associated buildings of Mount Abundance Station were erected. The land was purchased by Robert Morehead and Matthew Young of Sydney, who represented the Scottish Australian Investment Company. The stock was auctioned early in 1870, and was also bought by Morehead and Young.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Australian Investment Company was active in investing in pastoral property in Queensland between 1860-1890. The Company had been founded in Scotland, encouraged by reports from Scottish settlers in Australia, and was established with two main purposes: acquisition of land largely for grazing and agricultural pursuits; and granting loans or advances on property mortgages. Despite this two-fold purpose, in its first twenty years in Australia it was primarily a loan and mortgage company. During the early 1860s through the persistence of Robert Morehead as its Australian manager, the Company entered into pastoral activity and acquired property in Central/Western Queensland (Bowen Downs) and in the Gulf Country. During the 1860s, the Company made a number of loans to Queensland graziers, including Mount Abundance.</p><br>
<p>An article in 1875 recounted that when the Company took possession of Mount Abundance, the "improvements" consisted of only a wretched homestead, and suggested that Spencer was contented to live in his bark-covered buildings till they were old, and dilapidated. It is possible therefore, although not actually stated in the same article, that the Company may have erected a new homestead on the property in the late 1860s.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1870s, Mount Abundance station was described as one of the largest establishments in the Maranoa and considered to be one of the best grazing properties in Western Queensland. The Head Station comprised a Homestead (occupied by the Manager), sub-Managers residence, office, store, residences for the storekeeper and bookkeeper, mens quarters, workshops, two large receiving stores and 7 acres of garden. Stock returns for 1875 indicate that Mount Abundance was run in conjunction with Nive Downs, a property north of Charleville which had also been acquired by the Company. The woolshed to the southwest of the homestead was reputed to be one of the largest in Queensland in the early 1880s. Photographic evidence indicates that the shingle roof of the homestead was clad with iron between 1890 and 1895.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abundance station was resumed by the Queensland Government in 1923, being regarded as offering the best prospect for successful closer settlement. The main purpose of the resumption was the subdivision of land for the combined raising of wheat and sheep, and to extend agricultural settlement into the western districts. The land was made available for selection in 1927, and the Mount Abundance Homestead block comprising 2018 acres was selected by Ernest Martyn. Following the death of E Martyn, the property passed to his son PJ Martyn, who died in 1993. The property was further subdivided in the late 1970s, and presently comprises an area of just under 500 hectares. Of the former complex of buildings, only the homestead and quarters to the rear of the building are extant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mount Abundance Homestead, consisting of house and attached quarters, is located approximately 5 km west of Roma and 1 km south of the main road to Charleville. It is sited on high ground on the southern bank of Bungeworgorai Creek. The approach is via a stone causeway which crosses the creek.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a single storey structure of three main rooms facing north with a wide verandah on three sides and services rooms on the south side. Part of the verandah has been closed in creating additional rooms. The north side and the portion of the west side which remain open feature a decorative timber valance. The main roof is a moderately pitched hip which reduces in pitch at the verandah line.</p><br>
<p>The foundations are a system of load bearing bed logs that support floor joists and tongue and groove timber floors. Damage to the foundations has caused the western end of the house to subside. The wall construction is a timber frame with chamferboards to the external walls. The interior walls and ceilings are constructed from tongue and grooved boards which are finished in a dark stained varnish. Two of the main rooms have masonry fireplaces with brick and stone chimneys. Six sets of French doors open out from the main rooms onto the north side verandah. One of these has been altered to create a window.</p><br>
<p>The roof is clad in corrugated galvanised iron laid over the original timber shingle roof and cantilevered beyond the earlier roof line. The cantilever section is supported by decorative brackets off the timber verandah posts.</p><br>
<p>The main house connects via a covered way to a single storeyed structure set on low timber stumps which housed quarters and a kitchen. Located to the south of the house, this building has exposed timber frame construction, timber cladding and a steep corrugated galvanised iron gabled roof with skillion additions.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the original fencing but original steps and mounting stones can be seen. Forming the front entrance to the homestead are the original stone gate posts and iron gates. This entrance, which has been relocated, is flanked by large bottle trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Abundance Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abundance Homestead provides rare surviving evidence of the pastoral development of western Queensland from the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The resumption of Mount Abundance during the 1920s, and the subsequent division into smaller farming properties and re-settlement during the 1930s, is important in demonstrating the pattern of land use and occupancy in rural Queensland during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abundance Homestead provides rare surviving evidence of the pastoral development of western Queensland from the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has the potential to provide archaeological evidence of building construction techniques from the mid-19th century and of the formerly extensive pastoral station complex, of which only the homestead and attached quarters are known to be extant.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Australian Investment Company, which played an important role in the development of the pastoral industry in Queensland during the latter part of the 19th century, established the reputation of Mount Abundance as a fine grazing property and the association of this company with the property is of importance.</p><br>
<p>The Martín Peña Channel  is a body of water in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The similarly named Martín Peña is a neighborhood adjacent to the channel.</p><br>
<p>The channel runs from San Juan Bay in the west to Laguna San José and Laguna Los Corozos in the east. It separates the barrio of Santurce on the north side from Hato Rey Norte, Hato Rey Central, and Oriente on the south side.</p><br>
<p>The channel is strewn with trash, breeds mosquitoes, and is a health hazard for nearby residents. Due to the narrowing of the channel over time, the area is subject to frequent flooding, including raw sewage from buildings with insufficient sanitation.</p><br>
<p>The Caño Martín Peña ENLACE Project Corporation (Spanish: Corporación ENLACE del Caño Martin Peña, English acronym ENLACE) is a corporation owned by the Puerto Rico government, created to improve the local sewage system. As of 2016, ENLACE has spent $120 million from the territorial government on sewage improvements. Implementation of a $600 million ecosystem restoration plan that will dredge the canal depends on resolution of the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis and federal funding for assistance from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corp of Engineers.</p><br>
<p>Astor Theatre is a heritage-listed cinema at 77 Burrowes Street, Surat, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1925 to 1960s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Astor Picture Theatre was built in 1925 as an open-air picture theatre in Surat, which is situated on the Balonne River 80 kilometres south of Roma and was the administrative centre of the Warroo Shire until its amalgamation into the Maranoa Region in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Surveyor-General of New South Wales, Thomas Mitchell, mapped the area in 1846 and the District of Maranoa was proclaimed in November 1848. The new Commissioner of Lands arrived with several police in 1849 and set up camp on Yambougal station, moving slightly up river a few months later. This was the site selected in 1849 by surveyor James Burrowes for a service township on the Balonne River. He called the township Surat, after his former home in Madras, India. The main street, on which the theatre is situated, carries this surveyor&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>A Court of Petty Sessions at Surat was gazetted in 1850 and a police building was erected. The Lands and Post Offices were soon represented and in 1859 a hotel was built. By the time that the town site was surveyed for land sales in 1863, a number of buildings had already been erected. Although Surat was superseded by St George as an administrative centre for the district in 1865, it continued to serve the surrounding area, which became Warroo Shire. Surat gained a school in 1874 and its first church in the late 1870s. In 1879 Cobb and Co set up a coach service from St George to Surat and on to Yuleba, constructing a staging post and store at Surat. This service was run until 1924, when it was the last coach route to be run in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Surat Pictures Limited was formed in 1925 when W Kitson sought building approval for the construction of a picture theatre in the main street of Surat. This was an open-air picture theatre comprising an earth-floored enclosure, a canvas screen at the rear and a shallow building along the street frontage containing a foyer with a projection booth above it. This type of structure was the cheapest and simplest kind of purpose built film venue and was not uncommon at the time in the warmer parts of Australia, though many of them were later roofed over.</p><br>
<p>The Lumiere Brothers had produced the first moving films in Paris in 1895, followed by Edison Studios in America in 1896, although these early films were very short and simply captured events without a narrative. The first feature movie "The Story of the Kelly Gang" was made in Australia in 1906 and it was the ability of film to tell a story that was the key to its popularity. At first, films were shown as part of variety shows in theatres or were screened in halls. In the 1900s purpose built picture theatres showing a program of films accompanied by music were built in America, Europe and Australia. Some of those catering to centres with large populations were huge and luxurious, though most were far more modest.</p><br>
<p>Films were much less expensive to show than live theatre and the equipment was easily transported, making them well suited as an entertainment in country areas, some films being displayed by travelling "picture show men" in the early years. The growing popularity of films led to the construction of many open-air theatres or simple shed-like buildings as permanent venues for showing film. Although theatre chains usually owned the large "picture palaces" in cities, most small picture theatres in Queensland were independently owned and Queensland eventually had more independently owned theatres than any other state in Australia. These small ventures, frequently family owned, did not have the capital to build lavish premises, nor did they have a large client base in country areas and might screen movies only once or twice a week. Having invested in expensive projection equipment, particularly after the advent of talkies, extensions and improvements to picture theatres were often made piecemeal as demand grew and money became available. The Astor Theatre, extended in stages, provides a good illustration of this process.</p><br>
<p>The first films shown at Surat were silent and had a piano accompaniment, a generator providing power for the projector. Bill McKay Senior was the first proprietor and ran the Astor until the 1930s, when it passed to Geoff Armstrong. Between 1938 and 1940 a Mrs. Crump leased it. It was operated during the Second World War by GO and RD Armstrong and was acquired in 1945 by E J and V M Aldridge who ran it as a family business, with their son acting as the projectionist.</p><br>
<p>Country picture theatres provided an important service to people in the surrounding area. Coming into town for a night at the pictures provided good family entertainment, a venue for courtship and an opportunity for people of all ages to meet. Picture theatres showed feature films, newsreels, and cartoons and were often also used for live shows and special events. They provided a stimulus for the imagination and a relief from isolation and anxiety, particularly in the difficult years of the Depression and of World War II. They were a link with the wider community in Australia and with contemporary American culture as presented by Hollywood. For all these reasons, picture going enjoyed widespread popularity throughout rural Queensland between the 1920s and 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Surat was connected to a reticulated water system in 1952 and electricity was laid on in 1953 when the Aldridge family sold the theatre to S Barry, who had run the Queens Theatre in Toowoomba during World War II. During Barrys ownership the Astor underwent major changes. In the 1950s it was converted into an indoor theatre and roofed over, although it retained an earth floor. Such conversions were commonly made to shelter patrons and improve sound quality. The Royal Theatre at Winton is now the only example of this early open form to survive as a cinema.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the Astor was extended substantially, toilets were added and a raked timber floor was installed. The theatre could become very cold in winter and gas heating replaced the chip heaters originally used. It is thought that the interior was also lined with fibrous cement sheeting during this period. Television came to Surat in the 1970s and reduced attendance, as it had elsewhere. Barry sold the theatre to Lawrence Cherry who owned a local service station. Between 1974 and 1981 Cherry, N & M Crain and L & D Waud ran the Astor, which was then purchased by Len and Doreen Waud. Mr Waud had been a projectionist in Sydney in 1936 and his wife an usherette at the Regent in Toowoomba. A new sound system was installed.</p><br>
<p>In common with many rural centres, Surat lost population in the 1980s and 1990s as falling prices and severe drought reduced the town&#39;s income and businesses closed. In the mid 1990s a programme to revive the town was set in motion by the local shire council and community and the town is now experiencing an economic resurgence. The Cobb and Co staging station has been developed as a museum and tourist attraction. The Astor Theatre is still used and hosted the Movie Muster, a festival of Australian films, during the Centenary of Federation celebrations in 2001. Although extensions and additions took place in the mid 20th century, these were to improve function as a picture theatre rather than to create change and the building is still a good example of its type, which has become rare. It retains early carbon arc projectors.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Astor Theatre is situated in the commercial centre of Surat and is a simple rectangular timber building set on low stumps. The roof is gabled and clad in corrugated iron and is concealed from the front by a deep stepped parapet. There are louvred openings in the upper section of the parapet and a cantilevered awning over the entrance. There are exit doors in the side and rear of the building and well as the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The front section of the building is divided into three and comprises a central foyer with a confectionary bar to the left and the ladies toilets to the right. The projection box is above the foyer and is reached by narrow timber stairs on the left hand side.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium is a simple rectangular space; the walls being lined with timber and fibrous plaster sheeting. The ceiling is unlined and laminated timber struts brace the walls. The floor is raked and there are several louvred timber windows along the walls to provide ventilation. Towards the rear of the building, there are sections of latticework under the eaves. The interior lining now covers this provision for ventilation.</p><br>
<p>There is a speaker area behind the screen and the men&#39;s toilets are at this end of the building also. Canvas stretcher chairs provide seating.</p><br>
<p>There is a small shed to the rear of the building and a modern brick footpath has been laid outside the front entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Astor Theatre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Astor Picture Theatre, Surat is important in demonstrating the development of picture theatres in Queensland and the part that picture going played in the life of Australia in the 20th century, before it began to be displaced by television. Picture theatres enjoyed widespread popularity, especially in rural areas, as they provided not only entertainment, but also a venue for social interaction and a means of reducing isolation by providing a window into the wider world. The Astor Theatre is evidence for the popularity of picture going throughout rural Queensland between the 1920s and 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Astor is rare as one of the very few early picture theatres remaining in Queensland that have not been adapted for other uses. Alterations have been made over the years to improve its function as a picture theatre, rather than to accommodate changed use. It retains two early projectors in the bio box.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Astor Theatre is a good example of its type, illustrating the way in which many small picture theatres were developed from modest early beginnings and retains characteristics of its type such as long sight lines, a raked floor, foyer, projection box and confectionary counter.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Astor Theatre is centrally located in Surat and makes an important contribution to the built character of the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has important associations with the community of the town and the surrounding area, as a venue for social interaction and popular entertainment, and for many members of which it is a focus for memories.</p><br>
<p>Warroo Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at cnr Cordelia & William Streets, Surat, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Harry Marks and was built in 1929 by K O&#39;Brien and C Turnbull. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 May 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall was built in 1929 in Surat as an administrative and social centre. Surat is situated on the Balonne River some 80 kilometres south of Roma and was the administrative hub of the Warroo Shire until 2008 when the shire was amalgamated into Maranoa Region.</p><br>
<p>The Surveyor-General of New South Wales, Thomas Mitchell, mapped the area in 1846 and the District of Maranoa was proclaimed in November 1848. The new Commissioner of Lands arrived with several police in 1849 and set up camp on Yambougal station, moving slightly up river a few months later. This was the site selected in 1849 by surveyor James Burrowes for a service township on the Balonne River. He called the township Surat, after his former home in Madras, India.</p><br>
<p>A Court of Petty Sessions at Surat was gazetted in 1850 and a police building was erected. The Lands and Post Offices were soon represented and in 1859 a hotel was built. By the time that the town site was surveyed for land sales in 1863, a number of buildings had already been erected. Although Surat was superseded by St George as an administrative centre for the district in 1865, it continued to serve the surrounding area, which became Warroo Shire. Surat gained a school in 1874 and its first church in the late 1870s. In 1879 Cobb and Co set up a coach service from St George to Surat and on to Yuleba, constructing a staging post and store at Surat. This service was run until 1924, when it was the last coach route to be run in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The site of the shire hall was acquired in 1882 by the Warroo Divisional Board. Tenders were called for the construction of a simple building, which was extended over the years. In 1903, the Divisional Board became Warroo Shire Council. In 1920 a second small building was constructed on the site as council offices. This building was later removed. The current hall was constructed in 1929 by builders K O&#39;Brien and C Turnbull to the design of Harry Marks of the firm of Harry J Marks & Son of Toowoomba.</p><br>
<p>James Marks, who arrived from England in 1866, founded the firm. He moved to Toowoomba in 1874, working as a contractor before setting up an architectural practice in 1880. In the late 1880s his eldest son, Henry James (Harry) joined the firm to train with his father. In 1892 the firm became James Marks & Son. The office designed a wide range of residential, institutional and commercial buildings. Harrys brother Reginald joined the practice in 1906 when James retired. Harrys son Charles also worked in the practice, though he joined the Defence Forces in 1915. In 1917 Reginald moved to Sydney. When Charles joined the practice in 1924, it became Harry J Marks and Son.</p><br>
<p>Harry Marks was an innovative and idiosyncratic designer who introduced a number of his inventions into buildings he designed, including the patented Austral window. On a number of occasions Marks designed windows especially for a commissioned building and the windows in the Warroo hall are a distinctive feature of the design. They pivot to improve ventilation, a particular interest of Marks&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The building was officially opened on Friday 7 March 1930 by the Federal Member for Maranoa, James Hunter, having been funded by a £4,000 loan from the Queensland Government, the first time the shire had borrowed funds.</p><br>
<p>The new building combined offices and a meeting room for the Shire Council with a large open hall to be used for a variety of public and private functions and events and which contained a stage and projection booth.</p><br>
<p>Surat was connected to a reticulated water system in 1952 and electricity was laid on in 1953. The three clock faces in the tower are a memorial to Alex J Simpson who was Chairman of Warroo Shire from 1925 to 1946 and who was killed in a car accident in 1947. On each clock face, the letters of his name replace the usual numerals. The clock was officially unveiled on Saturday 3 April 1954. It was decided to illuminate them in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The original hall was retained on site as a supper room, at first alongside the new hall, then to its rear, before being destroyed by a storm in 1962. A new civic centre was constructed in 1963 and the Shire Council has since used this venue for its meetings and offices. The hall continues in community use and has a new supper room, constructed in 1961, to its southern side. This building has no heritage significance, nor does the modern toilet block constructed to the rear of the hall.</p><br>
<p>The hall is very intact and appears to have been painted in a version of the existing colour scheme since at least 1955.</p><br>
<p>Part of the northern verandah has been enclosed and fitted with a small kitchenette, probably in the 1960s. This may be the Gentlemens Dressing Room&#39; referred to as being fitted with casement windows in 1957.</p><br>
<p>The former Council Meeting Room and Shire Offices are currently used for community craft activities.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire hall is located prominently on the corner of two major streets in the centre of Surat. It is a rectangular timber building with its long axis at right angles to the street. It is set on low stumps and has a gabled roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting and ventilators along the roof ridge. There is an awning supported on plain timber posts to the pavement and recessed verandahs along both sides.</p><br>
<p>The front (eastern) elevation has a square central clock tower with clock faces to the north, south and eastern sides. Letters spelling out "Alex J Simpson" have replaced the numerals. Below the clock is a square window and a small balcony jutting out over the street awning.</p><br>
<p>The windows form a distinctive decorative feature of the building, being square, circular or arched with unusual glazing patterns and decoratively placed glazing bars. A 1930 photograph of the shire offices shows the square windows opening on a central, horizontal pivot. They can no longer be opened, but the hall windows are still operational. The windows to the sides of the offices at the front have individual sun hoods.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance is recessed and opens onto a short hallway between two large square rooms. The projection room is over the hall and is accessed by a staircase inside the hall. The large hall is lined with fibrous cement sheeting and triangular brackets between high-level windows support the roof. The windows have round arched tops and open on central pivots. The floor is timber and there is a stage flanked by dressing rooms to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The separate supper room is a simple rectangular timber building with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. It runs parallel to the hall and is linked to it by a covered way and a courtyard area. It contains a dining area, kitchenette and a small bar to the rear.</p><br>
<p>There is a block of masonry toilets to the rear of the hall. A high fence of tubular metal posts and metal mesh surrounds the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warroo Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 May 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall demonstrates the way in which much of western Queensland was settled by means of small service towns on supply routes. They provided a scattered population with essential goods and services, administrative facilities and the social structure to develop a sense of community. The Warroo hall provided a meeting place for the Shire Council and a venue for formal and informal social events and still serves the community.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall is a rare and intact surviving timber shire hall, of which many were constructed, but few now survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall is a fine and intact example of a timber shire hall of its era, catering for both administrative and social functions in its design. It has rooms for shire offices, with a large hall, stage, projection booth and small kitchen to the rear. Its toilets and separate supper room are now modern structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall is an important public building in a prominent location and in form, scale and materials makes a strong visual contribution to the townscape and character of Surat. Its central clock tower forms an important part of its landmark quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire Hall has a long connection with the people of Surat and the surrounding district as a focus for a range of important community services and social events. These have been as varied as wedding receptions and professional concerts by visiting performers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Warroo Shire hall was designed by H J (Harry) Marks and is associated with his life and work as a member of the important Toowoomba architectural practice which encompassed the work of three generations of the Marks family.</p><br>
